Two hundred twenty seven samples of milk, soft cheese, curls cheese and yogurt were taken to isolate B. cereus. The percentage of these bacteria was 32.7 %, 16.6 %, 18 % and 26% in milk, soft cheese, curls cheese and yogurt, respectively. Mannitol egg-yolk agar (MYP) supplemented with polymyxin B sulfate is used for isolation. Identification of the isolates was done by biochemical tests. Screening of isolates by polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) revealed the presence of diarrheal toxin cyt K gene in 87.09 % of isolates. Susceptibility of isolates to 7 antimicrobial agents revealed neomycin, chloramphenicol and gentamycin 100% for each, streptomycin 96% and erythromycin 93.5 % to be the most effective antimicrobial, while the highest resistance was noted against penicillin 100 %.

A total of 200 samples of raw milk (100 cow milk and 100 buffaloe milk) were collected from different markets in Basrah city and were analyzed for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. Results indicate that this bacterium was observed in 28.5% of total samples (30% of cow milk and 27% of buffalo milk) Enterotoxin genes (Sea-See) were investigated using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Staphylococcal enterotoxin C gene (Sec) was detected in 24.56% of the S. aureus isolates , while none of the S. aureus isolates harbouring Sea, Seb,Sed or See genes.

This study aimed to isolate and identify Salmonella spp. from various sources of poultry farms by using four different techniques (conventional biochemical tests, API 20E system, serology and polymerase chain reaction) the total number of isolates was 44(9%). The Salmonellae including 4 species, S. gallinarum 9(1.85%), S. typhimurium 7(1.44%), S. newport 21(4.3%) and S. ohio 1(0.21%). The highest isolation rate was in first week of chicks life 18(25.7%), however, the highest isolation rate of salmonella was from liver 13(28.8%). There are similarity in identification rate of Salmonella spp. between API 20 E system and PCR assay using flic gene. In this study using PCR amplification of rfbsg and rfbsp genes in differentiation of Salmonella serovar gallinarum into S. gallinarum and S. pullorum biovars very useful. Results of antimicrobial susceptibility revealed high resistance of isolates against seven antibiotics arranged in descending from high to low resistance (Azithromycin, Florfenicol, Trimethoprime-sulphamethaxezole, Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin and Gentamycin).

Two hundred and fifty different samples were collected from bovine and examined for the presence of staphylococcal bacteria. 189 isolates were able to grow on the mannitol salt agar (MSA), known as staphylococci. Coagulase test revealed that 165 isolates were able to produce this enzyme; 138 of these isolates were Staphylococcus aureus which appeared in 55.2% of the isolates. Deoxyribonuclase (DNAase), urase and beta haemolysis activities of the isolates were also investigated and it showed 90.69, 86.23, and 87.86% of the isolates respectively. An enzymatic examination of the isolates was combined in numerous tests like catalase test, coagulase test, non-producing oxidase, sugar fermentation, oxidative and fermentation test, liquefaction of gelatin and MR-VP test. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of coa gene products of S. aureus showed the following: gene product of 500 bp (22.5%); 650 bp (15%); 800 and 850 bp (25% for each); and 600 bp (12.5%).

Twenty five isolates of A. flavus were detected by UV light (365nm) and ammonia vapor procedures. Aflatoxigenic A. flavus on Coconut Agar Medium (CAM) colored the reverse of glass petri dish with blue –green under UV light and produce a pink to red color by exposure to ammonia vapor. The detection by fluorescent blue revealed that 13 (52%) of isolates were aflatoxigenic by produce fluorescent color under UV (365nm) light, and also 13 (52%) of isolates were aflatoxigenic (positive) by ammonia vapor test. The molecular assessment was done on 25 isolates of A. flavus by using aflR gene primers. Five isolates of aflatoxigenic A. flavus positive identified isolates by PCR were randomly selected to sequence and analyze by basic local alignment search tool analysis (BLAST) to confirm the aflatoxigenic strains. Five isolates were positive and confirmed approximately compatible (99%-100%) homology with other A. flavus strains on NCBI.