The antimicrobial activity of ginger extracts ( cold-water, hot-water, ethanolic and essential oil ) against some of pathogenic bacteria ( Escherichia coli , Salmonella sp , Klebsiella sp , Serratia marcescens, Vibrio cholerae , Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus sp) was investigated using Disc diffusion method , and the results were compared with the antimicrobial activity of 12 antibiotics on the same bacteria . The results showed that the ginger extracts were more effective on gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative . V. cholerae and S. marcescens,were the most resistant bacteria to the extracts used , while highest inhibition was noticed against Streptococcus sp (28 mm) . The ethanolic extract showed the broadest antibacterial activity ( 11 to 28 mm ) , in comparison with moderate activity of essential oil , it was observed that the cold-water extract was more effective on the bacteria than hot-water extract . Ginger ethanolic extract presented higher diameter of inhibition zone for Streptococcus sp than in Ciprofloxacin , Cefotaxime , Cefalotin , Cephalexin and Cephaloridine , also it was found a similarity between the higher inhibition zones of ethanolic extract of ginger and some antibiotics for S. aureus , E. coli , Salmonella sp and Klebsiella sp . V. cholerae and S. marcescens,also highly resistant to antibiotics . Phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extract of ginger revealed the present of glycosides, terpenoids, flavonids and phenolic compounds

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This study design ,study the importance of recurrence Urinary Tract infection caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) via detect LT and ST toxin genes in E.coli samples isolated from patients with UTI. A total of 60 urinary samples were collected from patients with UTI especially from children Infected in the Central Child Hospital and Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital in Baghdad for the period 27/12/2011 to 7/7/2012.isolation of E. coli was performed according to the standard laboratory methods ,Agglutination test was done in the Central Health Laboratory and API 20E system was done in the Children Teaching Hospital. DNA was extracted from samples by High-Speed Plasmid Mini Kit DNA and pure yield plasmid miniprep system were used as a template for PCR reaction. Two sets of primers were used to simultaneously detect the genes encoding LT and ST by multiplex PCR assay. Out of 60 samples ,15/60 negative (25%),45/60 positive (75% ), and infection in males was 6/45 (13.3%) While in females 25/45(56%). The percentage of LT gene 9/45 (20%), while none of samples were carrying ST gene. The results indicate that ETEC strains , with a relatively conserved genetic pool, are capable of causing urinary tract infection. Due to the importance of these strains in public health, it is suggested that the conventional methods used for their detection less accurate than molecular method Because of the great similarity with cholera toxin .

Backround: The Solid state fermentation has several advantage including absence of free water , reduced volume of production media utilized for high products and the relatively low costs of production. Methods: Thirty local isolates of soil obtained from Genetic Engneering and Biotechnology Institute. Nutrient agar was used to growth strains examination to antibacterial agent and Wheat bran and fish meal were used in combination (0-100%of each )and divided in 10 gm lost /flask . Each flask is inoculated with different numbers of Streptomyces spores and incubated for 5 days at 28°C, then the supernet was extracted and were assayed as antibacterial Results: The ability of 30 local isolates of Streptomyces and the standard strain S.griseus for antibacterial production were tested by grow in Muller Helton agar. The later isolate (standard isolates) showed highest antibacterial activity with inhibitory effect of (30 mm,24 mm ,20mm, 18mm ) compared with local isolates (S 1 ,S 2 , S 3 ) resectively Conclusion: only two soil isolates (among 30 isolates) and standard isolates of Streptomyces griseus were appears able to produce antibacterial agent under optimum condition . The optimum condition for the production of antibacterial is solid state fermentation included the use of wheat bran hydrate with distilled water pH=8 and the optimum hydration ratio was 1:3 (w:v) with an inoculum size of 6x10 9 spores/flask ( 10 gm wheat bran ) and incubation for 5 days at 28°C.

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