Objectives: To determine post-COVID-19 complications after recovery and investigate the reported cases of re-infection. Methods: The researchers systematically reviewed three databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, and Word Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 database looking for studies reported post-COVID-19 complications and COVID-19 reinfection. The search was conducted between November 21, 2020 and January 14, 2021. Inclusion criteria were articles written in English and had primary data. The studies reported the complications of COVID-19 after full recovery were included. Case reports were only included in the COVID-19 reinfection section. Results: The review included 69 studies related to post-COVID-19 complications and 13 case studies related to COVID-19 reinfection. Thirty-six studies reported post-cure respiratory complications including dyspnea to residual pulmonary fibrosis. Cardiac symptoms were reported in nine studies including palpitation, chest pain and diastolic dysfunction. Neurological complications included post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD), anxiety, depression, memory issues, insomnia and sleeping disturbance, cognitive impairments, and stigma. Gastrointestinal symptoms included nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and acute liver injury. Physical decline was the most common symptom reported in the musculoskeletal complications. Thirteen cases COVID-19 reinfection from nine countries were reported. Four patients had severe symptoms in the second infection while the symptoms of nine patient ranged from mild to moderate. The time taken for the reinfection ranged from 26 days to 145 days. Conclusion: COVID-19 may cause several types of complications after recovery. Lung abnormalities, neurological complications, and exercise intolerance were frequently identified complications among COVID-19 survivors. Reinfection can occur among COVID-19 survivors. Thus, COVID-19 may need long-term follow-up and should take preventive measures to prevent the reinfection.

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Objectives The objective of this review was to describe the COVID-19 complications after recovery. Methods The researchers systematically reviewed studies that reported post-COVID-19 complications from three databases: PubMed, Google Scholar and the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 database. The search was conducted between 21 November 2020 and 14 January 2021. Inclusion criteria were articles written in English, with primary data, reporting complications of COVID-19 after full recovery. The review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020 statement. Key findings This review included 69 studies with 146 725 patients from 22 countries related to post-COVID-19 complications. Thirty-six studies reported post-cure respiratory complications, ranging from dyspnoea to residual pulmonary fibrosis. Cardiac symptoms were reported in nine studies, including palpitation, chest pain and diastolic dysfunction. Neurological complications included post-traumatic stress syndrome, anxiety, depression, memory issues, insomnia and sleeping disturbance, cognitive impairments and stigma. Gastrointestinal symptoms included nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and acute liver injury. The physical decline was the most common symptom reported in the musculoskeletal complications. Conclusion COVID-19 may cause several types of complications after recovery (testing negative PCR). The identified complications include respiratory, neurological/mental, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, musculoskeletal and miscellaneous complications. However, the key impairments were pulmonary consequences, psychological problems and exercise intolerance. Thus, COVID-19 patients may need long-term follow-up.

The objectives of this study were to describe work characteristics of Iraqi pharmacists, to compare pharmacist job satisfaction between private and public sectors and to assess factors influencing job satisfaction level. This cross-sectional study of pharmacists, their work sites and work satisfactions used an electronic questionnaire that was posted on Facebook pharmacy professional group from June to September 2018. The participants included pharmacists from all 18 Iraqi provinces. We used multiple linear regression to identify predictors of general job satisfaction among 13 pharmacist characteristics. We received 658 usable surveys. Approximately half (47.24%) of respondents indicated dissatisfaction with their primary workplace. Job performance, patient contact, satisfaction with manager, income and expectation satisfactions were significantly related with work satisfaction. Pharmacists working in the private sector had significantly more control over their workplace and higher satisfaction with manager, income and general satisfactions compared to those working in public sector. Pharmacists work in diverse settings across the public healthcare system, community pharmacies, private drug bureaus and academia. About half of them are dissatisfied with their primary workplace. The private sector has more satisfaction rate compared to the public sector. Thus, officials need to improve job environments in the public sector.

Background: In healthcare settings, specialists from different fields may follow the most well-known, reliable, and easy-to-understand medical guidelines. This study aimed to determine Iraqi physicians' adherence to treatment guidelines, to specify which treatment guidelines are utilized for each disease and identify their barriers to follow the guidelines. Methods: This was qualitative study including face-to-face and virtual semi-structured interviews with specialist physicians from different disciplines. The interviews were conducted between December 2021 and May 2022 in Kirkuk province, Iraq. The qualitative data generated through interviews was analyzed using thematic analysis. Result: The study recruited 48 specialists (27 male and 21 female) from seven medical specialties at two large government hospitals. Most physicians (38 /44) revealed that healthcare settings implement treatment guidelines in more than half of cases.  American guideline was the most used among the participating physicians. European and British guidelines and textbooks were also used by some specialties. Unfortunately, most (43 out of 47) physicians were unaware of Iraqi treatment guideline. Most seniors often followed the same guidelines for one branch, with little variation in approach based on their experience and flexibility. Almost all participating physicians believed that shortages in treatment (46/47) and investigation/lab materials (45/47) and low patient adherence (44/47) are major barriers to implement the guideline(s). Six out of seven specialties experienced shortage in the essential medications that recommended by the guidelines Conclusions: Most physicians followed well-known international guidelines. Each specialty follows different guidelines relying on the disease. Medication shortage in the public hospitals was the main barrier facing physicians to implement treatment guidelines. Enhancing physician awareness of the Iraqi guidelines should be encouraged. Finally, securing essential medicines in public hospitals is pivotal to adopt evidence-based guidelines effectively.