It has been demonstrated in numerous studies that bee pollen supplementation shows numerous positive effects on health. However, its impact on bones is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bee pollen supplementation on the tibia biomechanical properties and bone morphometric measures using Japanese quail as an animal model. The experiment was arranged in a 2x2x2 factorial design, with sex, quail line (meat-type or egg-lying type), and bee pollen inclusion (0 or 10 g/kg of feed) as factors. The quails were one-day-old at the beginning of the experiment, they were euthanized after 42 days. Our study showed for the first time unfavorable effects of bee pollen on bones properties. Bee pollen supplementation negatively affected bone structure, irrespective of quails' sex or line type. Bone length (P < 0.001), weight (P < 0.01), and mean relative wall thickness (P < 0.01) and mineralization (P < 0.05) were reduced by bee pollen treatment. For female quails, irrespective of line type, the decrease of yield load (P < 0.001), ultimate load (P < 0.01), yield stress (P < 0.001) and ultimate stress (P < 0.05) was noted. Analysis of growth plate in bone metaphysis showed that bee pollen supplementation slowed the process of bone maturation irrespective of sex (P < 0.05). On contrary, dietary bee pollen positively affected bone homeostasis of trabecular bone in bone metaphysis as bone mineral density increased in experimental groups (P < 0.05). In males, this was the result of the increase of trabecular thickness (P < 0.01), in females due to the reduction of trabecular space (P < 0.001). In conclusion, our results demonstrate that bee pollen (1.0%, 10 g/kg of feed) supplementation caused significant negative effects on the mechanical endurance of the tibia of quails, while showed beneficial effects on trabecular bone histomorphometry.

Our article provides the first demonstration about two theories concerning how it is produced. In his theory, Küstenmacher showed that in the summer, when plants profusely secrete oily balsamic substances on the surface of pollen, bees regurgitate them onto the comb and the walls of the hive, thereby producing propolis. Rosch showed that in late summer and autumn, bees collect resinous plant-derived substances and process them into propolis. As a substance of plant origin, propolis has a variable composition, depending on the plant species from which intermediates for its preparation are derived and the wealth of soil on which these plants grow. Propolis shows beneficial health effects, especially antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities, which make it a very important component of medication or supplement for human and animal healthcare. For this reason, propolis is one of the most widely used natural added to fodder. Since 1995, propolis has been recognized as a dietary supplement in Argentina.

Many biochemical and physiological properties depend on the size of ions and the thermodynamic quantities of ion hydration. The diffusion coefficient (D) of lanthanide (III) ions (Ln+3) in solution assumed (1.558-1.618 ×10−9 m2 s−1) by Einstein–Smoluchowski relation. The association constant (KA) of Ln+3 ions was calculated (210.3-215.3 dm3 mole-1) using the Shedlovsky method, and the hydrodynamic radius calculated (1.515-1.569 ×10−10 m) by the Stokes-Einstein equation. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔGo, ΔSo) also calculated by used suitable relations, while ΔHo, values are obtained from the literature. ΔGo, for ion hydration, has negative values in the range (13.25-13.30 KJ/mole), and a negative ΔSo, results have been shown in the limit (11.016-12.506 KJ/ K. mole).

The experiment was designed to study the effect of adding natural apple vinegar adding to water and garlic powder and black bean adding to the feed on the immune system and some blood characteristics of broilers Ross 308. A total of 256 chicks were randomly divided in eight group, (16 bird in each replicate) for 35 days. The first group was fed without additives (control) (T1). Second group was added apple vinegar to water 1 ml/l (T2). Third group was added garlic powder 0.3g/kg (T3). Fourth group was added black bean 4 g / kg (T4). Fifth group was added apple vinegar 1 ml/l water and garlic powder 0.3g/kg (T5). Sixth group was added apple vinegar 1 ml/l water and black bean powder 4g/kg in the feed (T6). Seventh group was added garlic powder 0.3 g/kg and black bean 4 g/kg in diet (T7). Eighth group was added 1 ml/l water, garlic powder 0.3 g/kg and black bean 4 g/kg in diet (T8). At the end of experiment 4 birds were chosen randomly from each group (2 birds / replicate) for anatomy and calculating the weight of some organs to evaluate the effectiveness of the immune system. Blood extraction was carried out to measure the level of immunity in birds against Newcastle disease and the study of some blood characteristics. Results showed significant differences (p⩽0.05) in thymus gland weight in favor of (T7) compared with (T1, T2, T3 and T4) while not significant with (T5, T6 and T8). Results showed no significant differences in the weight of spleen between all groups (p⩽0.05) and showed a significant increase (p⩽0.05) in the level of immunity against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease with the highest levels of (T5 and T7), while the lowest level of immunity against these diseases it was in (T6 and T8). The results showed a significant decrease in the level of cholesterol in (T2 and T6) compared with the other experimental groups. There was a significant increase in the level of protein in the blood in favor of (T7 and T8) compared with the other experimental groups. The blood glucose level was significantly lower in favor of the (T6) compared to the other experimental groups.

This experiment was conducted determine the effect of dates molasses, ascorbic acid and feeding method on growth performance and carcass characteristics in broiler chickens. A total of 480 one day–old broilers Ross 308 were randomly allotted to 8 experimental groups in a complete randomized design. Basic treatments were divided initially at time of hatching, a- early feeding group which had a free access to water and diet from direct time of post hatching until 6 weeks, this group contained 240 chicks which distributed into 4 subgroups with 4 replicates/subgroups. The 1st subgroup was fed basal diet (control), the 2nd subgroup was fed basal diet plus 1000 ml of dates molasses/l of drinking water. The 3rd subgroup was fed basal diet plus 50 g of L-ascorbic acid/l of drinking water. The 4th subgroup was fed basal diet plus 1000 ml and 50 g of dates molasses and L-ascorbic acid, respectively / l of drinking water, b- late feeding group which had free access to water and diet after 12 hours from their reaching to farm until 6 weeks, this group was also contained 240 chicks which distributed into 4 subgroups and 4 replicates/subgroup with the same feed additives mentioned earlier.All the chickens were reared in the same environmental and management conditions. Growth performance (body weight, weight gain, feed intake, water consumption and feed conversion ratio) were determined on 3 and 6 weeks. Carcass traits (dressing percentage, breast, Thigh and femoral part, abdominal fat), factor of productive efficiency and mortality were assessed on 6 weeks. Growth performance was significantly (P<0.05) improved in the dates molasses and ascorbic acid in both early and late feeding treated broilers compared to the not supplemented control. Dates molasses in water increased the relative weight of dressing percentage, breast and abdominal fat as well as ascorbic acid increased the relative weight of thigh and femoral part. These data suggest that the dates molasses and ascorbic acid may improve growth performance in broiler chickens.