Animals are predisposed to infections through varieties of ways which activate the innate immune systems at the initial phase of acute infections. Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS) is a devastating septicemic disease of cattle and buffaloes caused by a particular serotypes of Pasteurella multocida and serotype B: 2 is the most important cause of the disease in Asia. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate on acute phase protein responses in mice infected with river water contaminated by Pasteurella multocida type B: 2. Five infected mice were placed in each tank containing river water for 24, 48 and 72 h. The groups comprise of five mice each made up of the control, intraperitoneal, oral and the aerosol routes. There were increased concentrations of Haptoglobin (Hp) in the mice inoculated with infected river water kept for 24 h intraperitoneally (p<0.0454) relative to the control, oral and the aerosol routes. There was significant increased concentration of Serum Amyloid A (SAA) in the mice that were inoculated with infected river water kept for 72 h intraperitoneally (p<0.0020) compared to control, orally and the aerosol routes. The intraperitoneal route though most effective in response but practically not feasible for vaccine administration in larger animals and the oral routes was inadequate in eliciting acute phase response in the present study of mice model. Therefore, the aerosol routes could perhaps be a readily available route for effective vaccine administration and heightened immunity in animals considering the progressive responses of APPs through this route.

Hemorrhagic septicemia is an acute, deadly disease of cattle and buffaloes associated with colossal economic loss in the livestock industry in the Asian regions particularly Malaysia. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate on the Polymerase chain reaction detection of Pasteurella multocida type B: 2 in mice inoculated through different routes with river water contaminated with infected mice carcasses. Sixty five mice were used for the study; five mice were placed in each tank containing river water for 24, 48 and 72 h. The groups comprise of five mice each made up of the control, intraperitoneal, oral and the aerosol routes. A dose of 1 mL 10⁹ CFU of Pasteurella multocida type B: 2 obtained from the infected river water were inoculated into each group intraperitoneally and the aerosol route while, 0.4 mL of 10⁹ CFU of Pasteurella multocida type B: 2 was inoculated orally into the group. The control group was inoculated with 1 mL buffer saline pH 7. The PCR results in the present study revealed the presence of P. multocida type B: 2 from the following organs brain, kidney, heart, spleen, lung and liver in the mice inoculated through intraperitoneal, oral and aerosol route. In the river water kept for 24 h P. multocida type B: 2 were detected in the organs through the intraperitoneal, oral and the aerosol routes. The river water kept for 48 and 72 h were positive for the isolation of P. multocida inoculated via the intraperitoneal and oral route, except the aerosol route where no significant P. multocida was detected in the organs using PCR. In conclusion, this model could be used to enhance the understanding of the progression of the disease and control of the natural disease through the various routes of the disease transmission. This study also postulated that the outbreak of HS among buffaloes and cattle could be due to the consumption of river water contaminated with infected HS carcasses

Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) is a fatal systemic disease of bovines typified by an acute, highly fatal septicaemic disease with high morbidity and mortality. In this study, sixty five adult ICR mice were used for the study. In the first phase, 5 mice each were inoculated with 10 9 cfu of P. multocida type B:2 through the intraperitoneal route. After development of classical signs of HS, the mice were euthanised and dropped into a tank of river waterfor 24, 48 and 72 h. Contaminated water from the tank were collected at the three different times (24, 48 and 72 h) and was used for intraperitoneal, oral and aerosol inoculation of 15 mice each with a dose of 1 mL −1 10 9 cfu (intraperitoneal and aerosol) and 0.4 mL −1 10 9 cfu (oral). The control group (n = 5) was given phosphate buffered saline. All mice in the three groups and control were culled after 72 h post inoculation and the vital organs (liver, spleen, lung, kidney, heart, brain) were collected in 10% buffered formalin, procesed, sectioned and stained with H&E. Degeneration and necrosis, hemorrhage and infiltration of inflammatory cells were the most observed lesions in all the organs, while thrombosis and oedema were least observed. The lesion severity was moderate to severe using contaminated water at 72 h post contamination and mild to moderate when inoculated with water 24 and 48 h post contamination. Mice inoculated through the oral and intraperitoneal routes recorded more severe lesion compared with those inoculated through the aerosol route. However, using contaminated water at 24 h, mice inoculated through the aerosol route had the highest distribution of inflammatory cells in the lungs, which declined following inoculation with contaminated water at 48 and 72 h, respectively.This study has shown that contamination of water bodiesby carcasses of HS infected animals is a likely source of infection to heathy animals in the wild and that development of lesions severity is time dependant and significantly higher using contaminated water at 72 h than water contaminated for 24 and 48 h. This further indicates the danger of leaving decomposing carcasses in water bodies for prolonged periods.