Ingestible wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) is the one and only painless, effective, novel, diagnostic technology for inspecting the entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract for various diseases, such as obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB), tumors, cancer, Crohn’s disease, and celiac disease. Since the development of this technology, several companies have made remarkable improvements in their clinical products, but there are still some limitations that relate to the use of conventional wired endoscopy. Some of the major limitations that currently impede its wider application include its inability to repeat the view of critical areas, working time constraints, and poor image resolution. Many research groups currently are working on ways to solve these limitations. Presently, developing the ability to control the movement of the capsule, increasing its image transmission speed, and obtaining high-quality images are the main issues in the research area. A complex capsule with some therapeutic tools for the treatment of diseases of the GI tract also is at the beginning of development for the next generation of an active medical robot. In this paper, we report the status of several activities related to WCE, including improvement of capsule technology, research progress, technical challenges, and key indicators concerning the next-generation, active, medical robot.

Abstract-Presently, wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) is the sole technology for inspecting the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract for diseases painlessly and in a non-invasive way. For the further development of WCE, the main concern is the development of a highspeed telemetry system that is capable of transmitting high-resolution images at a higher frame rate, which is also a concern in the use of conventional endoscopy. A vital task for such a high-speed telemetry system is to be able to determine the path loss and how it varies in a radio channel in order to calculate the proper link budget. The hostile nature of the human body's channel and the complex anatomical structure of the GI tract cause remarkable variations in path loss at different frequencies of the system as well as at capsule locations that have high impacts on the calculation of the link budget. This paper presents the path loss and its variation in terms of system frequency and location of the capsule. Along with the guideline about the optimum system frequency for WCE, we present the difference between the maximum and minimum path loss at different anatomical regions, which is the most important information in the link-margin setup for highly efficient telemetry systems in next-generation capsules. In order to investigate the path loss in the body's channel, a heterogeneous human body model was used, which is more comparable to the human body than a homogenous model. The finite integration technique (FIT) in Computer Simulation Technology's (CST's) Microwave Studio was used in the simulation. The path loss was analyzed in the frequency range of 100 MHz to 2450 MHz. The path loss was found to be saliently lower at frequencies below 900 MHz. The smallest loss was found around the frequency of 450 MHz, where the variation of path loss throughout the GI tract was 29 dB, with a minimum of −9 dB and a maximum of −38 dB. However, at 900 MHz, this variation was observed to be 38 dB, with a minimum of −10 dB and a maximum of −48 dB. For most positions of the capsule, the path loss increased rapidly after 900 MHz, reaching its peak at frequencies in the range of 1800 MHz to 2100 MHz. During examination of the lower esophageal region, the maximum peak observed was −84 dB at a frequency of 1760 MHz. The path loss was comparatively higher during examination of anatomically-complex regions, such as the upper intestine and the lower esophagus as compared to the less complex stomach and upper esophagus areas.

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Abstract-Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) was developed as a painless diagnostic tool for endoscopic examination of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but, to date, the low operating power of the capsule and the high data rate of the RF telemetry system are still key concerns. Innovative, novel solutions must be developed to address these concerns before WCE can be used extensively in clinical applications. In this paper, we propose a novel RF transmitter for WCE applications that only requires 1.5 V to transmit the required data as opposed to using a DC power supply. Our proposed, directconversion transmitter system consists of a current reuse oscillator, an envelope filter, and an L-section matching network. The oscillator is powered by the transmitting data which keep the oscillator in turned on and off for the transmitting 1 and 0 bit respectively and results in the on-off keying (OOK) of the modulated signal at the output of the oscillator. The rate of data transmission at the modulated signal is limited by the transient period of the oscillator start-up. When the start-up time of the oscillator is optimized, an OOK modulation rate of 100 Mb/s can be attained. In order to eliminate the oscillator decay noise, we used an envelope filter connected in series with the oscillator to filter out the decay part of the oscillation. Finally, the output impedance of the envelope filter is matched to the 50-Ω antenna with an L-section, low-pass, matching network to ensure maximum

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