Pelajar ijazah pertama di institusi pengajian tinggi awam dan swasta kebanyakannya perlu mengambil kursus Kaedah Penyelidikan ataupun perlu menyiapkan projek penyelidikan masing-masing bagi memenuhi syarat bergelar siswazah.Pelajar siswazah pula perlu menyiapkan tesis ataupun disertasi mereka sebagai syarat wajib sebelum dikurniakan ijazah Sarjana atau Ijazah Doktor Falsafah (PhD) masing-masing.Pegawai penyelidik yang bekerja dalam sektor awam atau swasta pula perlu menyiapkan projek penyelidikan masingmasing seperti kehendak organisasi mereka.Kesemua aktiviti penyelidikan yang dibuat oleh pelajar pada peringkat Ijazah Pertama, Sarjana dan Ijazah Doktor Falsafah ataupun oleh pegawai penyelidik memerlukan suatu panduan lengkap untuk melakukan kerja-kerja penyelidikan supaya mencapai piawai yang ditetapkan.Buku Kaedah Penyelidikan dan Analisis Data SPSS yang ditulis dengan bahasa yang mudah ini diharapkan dapat dijadikan panduan oleh kumpulan pelajar dan penyelidik tersebut.Buku ini amat sesuai dijadikan rujukan bagi memahami perkara-perkara penting dalam proses menyiapkan sesuatu projek penyelidikan.Selain dari itu, analisis data menggunakan perisian Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) dalam buku ini membincangkan secara terperinci langkahlangkah untuk menganalisis data dan kaedah mentafsirkan output daripada data tersebut.Antara analisis statistik yang dibincangkan dalam buku ini seperti analisis faktor dan kebolehpercayaan instrumen, prosedur ujian-t, analisis varians sehala (ANOVA), analisis kovarians sehala (ANCOVA), analisis korelasi dan regresi, model regresi logistik, dan banyak lagi.

Beef cattle plays a role as a protein source to the population of a country. However, the current demand for beef is greater than its supply making it a hot issue in food security. Moreover, the price of local beef per kilogram is higher than imported beef. The use of innovations such as artificial insemination, biosecurity and integration techniques is yet to be applied by beef cattle farmers although empirically proven to improve beef production. This situation has become more critical among beef producers in Malaysia. This study was conducted on 233 beef cattle farmers at four states of Peninsular Malaysia including Kedah, Kelantan, Selangor and Johor. Ordinal logistic regression was employed to analyse the influencing factors for adopting innovation in beef cattle farming. The result demonstrated that farmer-to-farmer extension, level of education, number of cattle, value of a business and access to information were statistically significant at 0.1, 0.01 and 0.05. However, age, experience and government extension showed an insignificant relationship with the adoption of innovation. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that farmers are still interested in adopting innovation; however, some limitations were found to drive them away from it. Hence, the collaboration among all parties is a must to ensure the success of this sector and achieve a self-sufficiency level for the Malaysian population.

Abstract:The objective of this study is to examine the impact of Microfinance training, Trust and Social ties on the Number of loans received by small and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) in developing economies. Poisson regression model is used as the method of analysis. 195 SMEs in North-Eastern Nigeria form the sample of the study based on two-stage sampling and simple random sampling technique. The results reveal that Social ties, Location, and Nature of operation have a significant positive relationship with the Number of loans receives by SMEs. Similarly, the Number of training and Trust have significant positive impact on the Number of loans received; however, they demonstrate the least impact as compared with the other variables based on the level of significance. JEL Classifications: G21

Cattle farming has become one of the engine growth in agriculture industry since years ago. The role of this sector is assumed as essential to supply protein source for the population. However, the problem arises when the import rate for beef is higher, and the supply has failed to meet the population's demand. Hence, the introduced innovation such as artificial insemination, integration and feedlot technique is seen as a driver that can further accelerate this sector. The cooperation and involvement from other parties, including the government and private sector are essential to ensure the successfulness of the introduced innovation. This study examines the socio-demographic profile and the adoption level of beef cattle farmers in four regions of Peninsular Malaysia. Multi-stage random sampling has been employed, and 233 farmers have involved as the respondents of this study. The farmers' average age is 48 years and had 13 years of experience in beef cattle farming. Most of the farmers found that they had a high level of innovation adoption, but certain of them face

The agricultural industry in Malaysia remains a vital element in providing food and employment. Introducing innovation in beef cattle farming has brought new changes in the livestock sector. Hopefully, it can generate a high income among farmers and brighten the Malaysian economy. However, introducing innovations such as assisted reproduction technology, biosecurity and intensive rearing require more significant effort from all parties, including farmers, extension agents and the government. This paper aims to identify beef cattle farmers' challenges in adopting innovations to improve beef production. Process of identifying, screening and eligibility is essential in producing an extensive literature review paper. From these processes, nine articles were found as the most relevant for this review article. The financial problem, communication failure and inaccessible information were the main challenges faced by farmers and extension agents in implementing innovations. Nevertheless, cooperation from all parties can lead to an excellent distribution of knowledge and skills among farmers.