This paper presents a review of research work done on various aspects of control system approaches of unmanned surface vehicle (USV) in order to improve the course keeping performance. Various methods have been used to produce a course keeping control system for manoeuvring system of USV. However, the review reveals that the adaptive backstepping control system is a powerful tool for the design of controllers for nonlinear systems or transformable to form a tight feedback parameter. It is very suitable for the automated control system of USV in relative motion that involves the disturbances from waves and wind. Fuzzy logic control also had been suggested as an alternative approach for complex systems with uncertain dynamics and those with nonlinearities. This method does not rely on the mathematical models, but the heuristic approach. Further studies may be conducted to combine the control method approach mentioned above to develop a real time system with robust control laws to the motions of a USV in waves, usually at a specific speed, including station keeping or heading in sinusoidal and irregular waves.
This paper describes the evaluation of the annoyance and suitability of a back-up warning sound for electric vehicles (EV). Three back-up signals used for the evaluation were categorized into three types: broadband, tonal and multi-tone. The reversing sound for a Nissan Leaf (EV-first mass production) will also be included as a benchmark for the other three sound signals. The sample sound was generated based on the human hearing threshold in several individual related areas; age-related, normal and working noise exposure frequency range. Each sound was evaluated in turn by the respondents in a nearby neighborhood, college, town area and rural area in terms of level of annoyance and its suitability as an EV back-up sound to alert pedestrians as they run quietly on the road, which can cause a hazard. Every tested sound perception result is based on the place where the respondents live. An appropriate sound for a quiet vehicle can help pedestrians to detect it and at the same time maintain acceptable environmental sound levels.
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