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Background: Children contribute a significant proportion of the tuberculosis (TB) burden in India and suffer severe TB related morbidity and mortality, particularly in endemic areas. Diagnosis and management of pediatric TB especially Extra pulmonary (EPTB) is challenging. The present study was designed to study clinical, laboratory characteristics and outcome of childhood tuberculosis.Methods: A retrospective analysis of 90 cases of TB in children within 2 year period was conducted at Pediatric Department and DOTS center at a tertiary care hospital from January 2015 to December 2016.Results: In the present study 20% of the total TB patients attending DOTS OPD were Children. Most common symptoms were Fever (53.3 %), Cough (46.6%), abdominal pain (18.8%), lymphadenopathy (13.3%), osteo-articular symptoms (13.3%), weight loss (10%), CNS related complaints like convulsions and unconsciousness (6.6%). History of contact was present in 10 cases (11%). Sputum examination was positive in 9 cases (10%) who were predominantly older children above 12 years. Mantoux test was positive in 9 cases (10%). Only one patient was HIV positive.  Extra pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) patients were more common than pulmonary. 47 out of the 90 cases (52%) were receiving DOTS for EPTB. Out of the 90 cases 84 (93.3%) were on New Category 1 treatment and 6 (6.6%) were on Cat 2 treatment. Out of the total 90 cases 3 defaulted, 3 died, rest completed treatment with good compliance and no side-effects and were declared cured.Conclusions: In present study, it was found that extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) patients are more common than pulmonary tuberculosis in pediatric age group. Sputum positivity yield is very low in pediatric age group. Success of treatment with DOTS is good (94.4%). No adverse effects of ATT were observed.

Background: Breastfeeding is a basic human activity, vital to the infant and maternal health and of great economic value to the households and societies. Despite this, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in children below six months, in India continues to be suboptimal. This contributes to the high burden of infant mortality in our country. Nurses play a very important role in the maternity ward by giving the right advice and support for initiation and maintenance of lactation in the post-natal mothers. There is paucity of research assessing the knowledge of nursing students regarding breastfeeding and also to study the effect of a structured teaching program on their knowledge.Methods: A self-administered pre-test questionnaire regarding breastfeeding was given to a single sample of nursing students and then a structured teaching program was administered to them. The improvement in their knowledge was recorded by a post-test self-administered questionnaire. The data was statistically analyzed.Results: A total of eighty students were enrolled in the study. The overall knowledge and opinion of nursing students regarding breastfeeding were good. However, two-third of the students lacked knowledge on exclusiveness of breastfeeding. Almost half of the students did not know about the true contraindications to breastfeeding. Only twenty-one percent students knew about the correct technique of breastfeeding. The knowledge improved significantly after the structured teaching program (p value: 0.056). Conclusions: Implementation of structured teaching program significantly improved the knowledge of nursing students in all domains of breast feeding knowledge.

Introduction: Anaemia is a global public health problem which affects both the developing and the developed countries. It is an indicator of poor nutrition and poor health with major consequences on human health, as well as for the social and economic development of a population. It has significant impact on cognitive function, behaviour and school performance. Anaemia is a common problem throughout the world and iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency in the world. It affects mainly the poorest segment of the population. The purpose of the study is to assess the prevalence of anaemia among school going children of rural area of three schools of Khudel Village in Indore District of Madhya Pradesh. Methods: This study was conducted in the three schools of rural area near Indore District, of MP. A cross-sectional household survey was conducted in rural Schools from January 2017 to June 2017 on 500 children, aged 5-16 years, selected through systematic random sampling method. Study subjects were school children (<16 years). The students and school authority were assured for their confidentiality of their response. Hemoglobin level was estimated by Sahli's Hemometer by acid hemolysis method.Results: The analysis of the obtained data was based on the objective of the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used for data analysis and data interpretation. Results of the study revealed that 56.4% of the samples are of males and 43.6% of the samples are of female. 50.8% of the samples are in the age group of 5 to 10 years, 36.4% of samples were in the group of 10-14 years and 12.8% of samples are more than 14 years of age. After analysis and interpretation of data, It was found that out of total boys, examined 91.1% males were anaemic and out of total females, examined 94.9% females were anaemic. Overall incidence of anaemia amongst girls and boys was found to be 92.8%. Conclusions:The Prevalence of Anaemia in the developing countries tends to be three to four times higher than in the developed countries. Hence, improvement in sanitation, hand hygiene, dietary habits related to consumption of clean food, green leafy vegetables,` should be included in diet plan. Health education, seminars on menstrual hygiene, impact of anaemia on individual & society should be conducted at regular interval.