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Rapid unmanaged growth of population and properties in metropolitan areas has increased the societal vulnerability to disasters. While the first step in disaster economic risk management is the quantification of economic losses, modeling unexpected events by equilibrium-oriented economic models which assume gradual and incremental changes over time and uniform spatial impacts poses analytical challenges. In this paper an integrated, operational methodology for evaluating the effects of earthquake on the economy based on the various types of losses and their relations is developed. A case study of Tehran shows future losses caused by studied earthquake scenarios will be more than 70% of gross regional product (GRP). Finally, a number of solutions for reducing negative impacts are introduced.

SUMMARY It is expected that application of torsion provisions in typical seismic codes shows different levels of efficiency for torsionally stiff and flexible buildings. This paper studies difference in performances of a range of code designed torsionally stiff and flexible five‐story building models. The models are classified in eight configurations to cover common range of buildings designed with the seismic provisions of Iranian Standard 2800 as a typical seismic design code. Seismic nonlinear dynamic time history behavior of eight building models subjected to seven horizontal bi‐directional design spectra compatible ground motions is investigated. These models cover a wide band of very torsionally stiff to very flexible buildings. Response parameters are element ductility demand and building story drift ratio. These criteria are appropriate indices for structural and nonstructural damages, respectively. The results indicate that the present linear static procedure of building codes such as the Iranian Standard 2800 is not generally adequate for structures with very low torsional stiffness. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.