These findings can be considered in clinical practice for detection and treatment of opioid abuse.

This study aims to use a fully realistic high-resolution mesoscale atmospheric and wave model to reproduce met-ocean conditions during a meteotsunami in the Persian Gulf. The atmospheric simulations were performed with the Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) model by varying planetary boundary layer, microphysics, cumulus, and radiations parameterizations. The atmospheric results were compared to the meteorological observations (e.g., air pressure and wind speed) from the coastal and island synoptic and buoy stations of the nearest area to the meteotsunami event. The results show that using Mellor-Yamada-Nakanishi-Niino (MYNN) scheme for planetary boundary and surface layer had the best performance for stations over the water, whereas applying Mellor-Yamada-Janjic scheme for planetary boundary and Eta similarity surface layer had the best performance for stations over the land. For wave simulations, the WAVEWATCH-III model was employed with the well-known WAM-Cycle4 formulation and a more recent ST6 package. Six WRF experiments and ERA5 wind data were used to force the wave models. The new error parameter was introduced to identify the optimum wind data for wave simulation. EXP4 configuration which uses the MYNN scheme for planetary boundary and surface layer was led to minimum error, while ERA5 severely underestimated Hs and Tp parameters. For the first time, the Gaussian Quadrature Method (GQM) was implemented in the WAVEWATCH-III model and combined with a depth scale to be used in the Persian Gulf. This method is more accurate for non-linear wave-wave interaction than the default Discrete Interaction Approximation (DIA) method. Lower coefficients for dissipation term were required for GQM and the resulted bulk wave parameters were improved compared to the DIA method. The calibrated ST6 formulation with GQM resulted in a more realistic prediction of wave spectrum than the default settings of the WAVEWATCH-III.

The Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea are annually exposed to severe tropical cyclones, which impose massive infrastructure damages and cause the loss of life in coastal regions. Cyclone Shaheen originally generated in the Bay of Bengal in 2021 and translated a rare east-to-west path toward the Arabian Sea. Although the cyclone’s wind field can be obtained from reanalysis datasets such as ERA5 (fifth generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts), the wind speed cannot be reproduced with realistic details in the regions close to the center of cyclone due to spatial resolution. In this study, to address this problem, the high-resolution advanced Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used for simulation of Shaheen’s wind field. As a critical part of the study, the sensitivity of the results to the planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization in terms of the track, intensity, strength and structure of the cyclone Shaheen is investigated. Five experiments are considered with five PBL schemes: Yonsei University (YSU); Mellor–Yamada–Janjić (MYJ); Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino level 2.5 (MYNN); Asymmetric Convective Model version 2 (ACM2); Quasi-Normal Scale Elimination (QNSE). The track, intensity, and strength of the experiments are compared with the wind fields obtained from the Joint Typhoon Warning Centre (JTWC) dataset. The results imply the high dependency of the track, intensity, and strength of the cyclone to the PBL parameterization. Simulated tracks with non-local PBL schemes (YSU and ACM2) outperformed those of the local PBL schemes (MYJ, MYNN, and QNSE), especially during the rapid intensification phase of Shaheen before landfall. The YSU produced highly intensified storm, while the ACM2 results are in better agreement with the JTWC data. The most accurate track was obtained from the ERA5 data; however, this dataset overestimated the spatial size and underestimated the wind speed. The WRF model using either YSU or ACM2 overestimated the wind speed compared to that of the altimeter data. The YSU and ACM2 schemes were able to reproduce the observed increase in wind speed and pressure drop at in situ stations. The wind data from EAR5 and cyclone parametric model were applied to the SWAN model to simulate the wave regime in the Arabian Sea during the time that Shaheen was translating across the region. Janssen formulation for wind input and whitecapping dissipation source terms in combination with both ERA5 and hybrid wind were used and the minimum combined error in the prediction of significant wave height (Hs) and zero up-crossing wave period (Tz) was examined. The maximum significant wave height for hybrid wind is higher than that of ERA5, while the cyclone development was successfully inferred from the wave field of the hybrid data.

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