Background: The highest incidence of lung cancer is seen in North America and the lowest incidence in central Africa. Socioeconomic factors of inequality reflect regional disparities in human development. Due to the importance of awareness about incidence and mortality of lung cancer in health programming and the possible role of the human development index (HDI), this study was done with the aim to investigate the epidemiology of lung cancer in the world and its relationship with HDI. Methods: The study was conducted based on data from the world data of cancer and the World Bank (including the HDI and its components). Data about the age-specific incidence and mortality rate (ASR) for every country in 2012 were getting from the global cancer project. To analyze data, correlation tests between incidence and death rates, and HDI and its components were employed with a significance level of 0.05 using SPSS software. Results: Lung cancer with standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and standardized mortality rate (ASMR), equal to 23.1 and 19.7 (in 100,000 people), respectively. The highest and lowest values of mortality incidence ratio (MIR) for lung cancer due to continents division were 0.93 and 0.71 for Eastern Africa and Australia/ New Zealand, respectively. Univariate analysis showed significant relationship (P<0.0001) between ASIR and ASMR with life expectancy at birth and mean years of schooling. Conclusions: The highest MIR for lung cancer was for medium human development countries. Linear regression analysis showed a reverse significant relationship between MIR and HDI.

Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is currently causing various challenges for all countries around the world. Accordingly, the WHO is placing a great emphasis on the global partnership and allinaces to drive countries towards developing policy guidances and a strategic framework for AMR contatiment. This study thus seeks to elaborate on the international factors underlying AMR management in Iran. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers from the Ministry of health (n = 14), Iran veterinary organization (n = 4), the national professional associations (n = 3) and researchers (n = 3), between November 2018 and July 2019. Participants were selected using purposeful and snowball sampling. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim and were subsequently coded and analyzed thematically using MAXQDA software (V.18) and reported. Results International enabling and predisposing factors were identified in relation to the AMR control in the country. Enabling factors included knowledge transfer, facilitation in policy agenda setting, formulation and implementaion process, and AMR monitoring. Predisposing factors, alternatively, encompassed the migration of infectious patients, trafficking of medicine and livestock from neighboring countries, and the imposed sanctions. Conclusion Nowadays, AMR is taken cognizance of as a global challenge, thus to be addressed effectively, needs an international consensus more than ever. This harmony would not certainly underrate national efforts, but instead, is needed to reinforce such efforts through e.g. technical and financial assistance. It is suggested for policymakers to use all available political and legal means such as health diplomacy to establish humanitarian channels in order to enhance global convention and remove possible barriers as the sanctions and reduce their adverse consequences for AMR control.

Knowing the prevalence, incidence and cancer mortality is essential in every country for planning of control, determining priorities for prevention and treatment programs and evaluation the results to reduce the burden of cancer. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the common cancers in the north Khorasan Province. Material and methods: The present study is a reanalysis of available data that cancer registry data in the North Khorasan province of Iran were analyzed in a five-year period (2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009). The reported incidence rates are standardized based on the standard population of World Health Organization and direct method. And we have presented common Cancer Trends in North Khorasan Province. Time trend analysis of incidence performed by joinpoint regression analysis was carried out using Joinpoint Regression Program. Results: Analysis of 5-year data showed an increasing rate for the total cancer cases in both sex. During these five years, 2165 cases of cancer were registered, of these, 924 cases (42.68%) occurred in males and 1241 (57.32%) occurred in females. The most common cancers in North Khorasan province in five-year period were: skin (19.3%), esophageal (14.08%), stomach (10.62%), breast (7.62%) and bladder (4.57%), respectively. For all cancers, Age standard incidence rate (ASIR) showed increasing trends in males (APC = 13.4) and females (APC = 16.6), Also, there were an increasing ASIR for all of the common cancers (Except stomach and esophagus in females). Conclusion:The results of the present study have shown that in north Khorasan the most common cancers in males were skin, esophagus and stomach; in females these were breast, skin and esophagus.

Background: Nurses' self-care assessment and elimination of obstacles with appropriate interventions will have a great impact on their own health as well as the recipients of health services. This study was designed to evaluate self-care status among nurses in selected hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 310 nurses working in Tehran University of Medical Sciences hospitals. Data were collected by a questionnaire with 70 questions that was conducted to evaluate the health level in five dimensions. Data were analyzed by using the statistical tests of MANOVA and Pearson’s correlation. Results: The average scores of nurses' self-care in men and women were 244.1 and 245.3, respectively. The highest average score was for the supportive relationships dimension. There was a significant relationship between gender and self-care dimensions (P-value = 0.077). The average scores of self-care for nurses working in the emergency department, general department, surgical department, intensive care unit, and other sectors were 238.5, 247, 240.6, 245.6 and 251.1, respectively. There was a positive relation between supportive relationships dimension, age, and years of employment. In addition, there was a negative relation between the number of children and supportive relationships dimension (P-value < 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that self-care among nurses in the hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences was moderately high, in a good and acceptable situation. However, there were poor scores in some areas and further study of the nurses’ self-care and its promoting strategies is still required.

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