Purpose During the timeline of twenty years, several epidemics and pandemics have occurred. Yet, a consistent feature of these public health crises is the surge in the demand for healthcare services exceeds the availability. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted in the month of June and July 2020 in Karachi, Pakistan. The study participants included doctors and medical students residing in Karachi. Results Out of 187 doctors, 74.3% were working during the COVID-19 pandemic, of which 58.3% were willing to work. Out of 200 medical students, 93.5% were not volunteering during the COVID-19 pandemic, of which 46% were willing to volunteer. Doctors strongly agreed that they would be willing to work during the COVID-19 pandemic if they were healthy and able to do so (57.2%), if they were provided personal protective equipment (PPE) (51.3%), and if they were guaranteed coverage of treatment cost if they get infected while working (57.8%). Medical students strongly agreed that they would be willing to volunteer during the COVID-19 pandemic if they were provided PPE (49.0%), and if their parents were supportive of their decision to volunteer (44.5%). Most doctors (54.5%) felt that they were extremely likely to get infected while working during the COVID-19 pandemic and 59.4% felt that in turn, they were extremely likely to infect their families as well. Most medical students (40.5%) felt that they were somewhat likely to get infected while volunteering during the COVID-19 pandemic and 55.5% felt that in turn, they were extremely likely to infect their family as well. In the event of infection with COVID-19, 51.3% doctors and 42.0% medical students felt that they would recover without hospitalization. Conclusion Since future pandemics are likely, we encourage health-care policymakers to utilize the findings of this study to create a sustainable pandemic response.

Background: In Pakistan, many people undergo tooth extractions every year due to various causes such as dental caries, periodontitis, and trauma. For a healthy alveolar bone after tooth extraction, some kind of intervention is always required. Honey can possibly help to improve bone healing after tooth extractions. Aim: To observe the effects of honey on bone healing of alveolar sockets after tooth extraction in humans. Method: It was an experimental study, conducted at Lahore general hospital over the period of 6 months. Twenty-four participants were included in the study through simple random sampling technique. After tooth extractions in both groups, honey was injected into extracted sockets of the experimental group while the control group was left as it was. Levels of BMP-2 were tested in saliva through the ELISA technique on days 1, 3, and 7 of tooth extraction. Results: In the control group, mean BMP-2 levels were 485.5± 52.63, 623.7 ±47.16 and 692.5± 11.86 while in the experimental group the mean values of BMP-2 were 494.3 ± 49.89, 703.6 ± 39.31 and 812.9 ± 34.40 at day 1, 3 and 7 respectively. The mean difference was calculated to be 8.75, 79.9, and 120.5. A significant difference (p-value <0.001) was noted in levels of BMP-2 between the experimental and control group on days 3 and 7. Conclusion: Raise in levels of BMP-2 in the experimental group when compared with the control group confirmed better bone healing. Hence, honey can be used to promote bone healing in post-extraction tooth sockets. This study can be used in future to improve bone quality and minimize ridge resorption after tooth extractions. Keywords: Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), Honey, Extracted Tooth sockets, bone healing, ELISA.

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Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the most significant killer diseases worldwide. Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy (CAN) is among the severest but least understood complication of diabetes which remains undiagnosed for several years because of its asymptomatic nature. CAN affect the quality of life very badly and raises the risk of mortality as it is associated with dysfunction of cardiac system. Early diagnosis of CAN is needed to prevent high morbidity and mortality rates.Aim: To identify the presence of Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in type II diabetic patients.Methods: Seventy two cases of diabetes mellitus (type 2) with no clinical evidence of cardiac disease were subjected to cardiac autonomic function tests according to Ewing's criteria, included the heart rate variability during deep breathing, Valsalva maneuver ratio, heart rate response on standing and BP response to standing and BP response to sustained handgrip to find the prevalence of CAN. Patients were categorized as with no CAN, early, definite and severe type of CAN depending upon abnormality of one or more tests. Results:In this study prevalence of CAN was 40% out of which early, definite and severe involvement was found in 13.9.%,12.5% and 13.9% respectively.Cardiac autonomic function tests (CARTs) of heart rate variability during deep breathing, Valsalva maneuver ratio, heart rate response on standing and BP response to standing and BP response to sustained handgrip found abnormal response in 36.1%, 21%, 30.5%, 8.4% and 26.4% respectively. Tachycardia. Orthostatic hypotension, numbness and constipation were significantly associated with CAN. Conclusion:Prevalence of CAN among diabetics was 40% and parasympathetic cardiac autonomic function tests are more sensitive for the detection of CAN than sympathetic cardiac autonomic function tests. Development of CAN in diabetic patients lead to poor prognosis, increased silent myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death hence all diabetic patients should be routinely evaluated for CAN using these feasible bedside tests.