Aim:Patients suffering from Diabetes Mellitus havea largerpossibilityofdeveloping oral diseases furthermore; those who have uncontrolled and long-duration of Diabetes Mellitusare also at a greater risk for acquiringperiodontaldisorders. The present study intended to investigate the association of oral fitness knowledge and attitude with different demographic factorsin patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus visiting a secondary care provincial hospitalin Sargodha, Pakistan. Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study piloted at a secondary care provincial hospital in District Sargodha which comprised 180 patients suffering from Type II Diabetes Mellitus.Information was collected using a systematized questionnaire which was handed out to study participants visiting the outpatient department of the hospital. Results:Oral health knowledge of the study participants were cross-tabulated with socio-economic and demographic factors and a significant association was seen with gender(P≤0.001), educational status(P≤0.0001), monthly income(P≤0.002), and marital status(P≤0.001). In the present study, 26% of males and 18% of females had adequate knowledge regarding oral health. Advanced levels of learningand income also transpiredto have a strong association with oral health awarenessand attitude(P≤0.01). Conclusions: Results of the present study suggest that oral well-being knowledge and attitude among patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus were strongly associated in conjunction withgender, higher levels of education, and income. Based on these outcomes, communal-oriented oral well-being campaigns are indispensable to navigating the standard of living of patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Keywords: Dental, Diabetes Mellitus, Knowledge, Oral Health, Oral complications, Type II Diabetes Mellitus.

Background: In Pakistan, many people undergo tooth extractions every year due to various causes such as dental caries, periodontitis, and trauma. For a healthy alveolar bone after tooth extraction, some kind of intervention is always required. Honey can possibly help to improve bone healing after tooth extractions. Aim: To observe the effects of honey on bone healing of alveolar sockets after tooth extraction in humans. Method: It was an experimental study, conducted at Lahore general hospital over the period of 6 months. Twenty-four participants were included in the study through simple random sampling technique. After tooth extractions in both groups, honey was injected into extracted sockets of the experimental group while the control group was left as it was. Levels of BMP-2 were tested in saliva through the ELISA technique on days 1, 3, and 7 of tooth extraction. Results: In the control group, mean BMP-2 levels were 485.5± 52.63, 623.7 ±47.16 and 692.5± 11.86 while in the experimental group the mean values of BMP-2 were 494.3 ± 49.89, 703.6 ± 39.31 and 812.9 ± 34.40 at day 1, 3 and 7 respectively. The mean difference was calculated to be 8.75, 79.9, and 120.5. A significant difference (p-value <0.001) was noted in levels of BMP-2 between the experimental and control group on days 3 and 7. Conclusion: Raise in levels of BMP-2 in the experimental group when compared with the control group confirmed better bone healing. Hence, honey can be used to promote bone healing in post-extraction tooth sockets. This study can be used in future to improve bone quality and minimize ridge resorption after tooth extractions. Keywords: Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), Honey, Extracted Tooth sockets, bone healing, ELISA.

Objective: To investigate the effects of topical phenytoin application on wound healing of extraction socket of albino Wistar rats. Materials and methods: Thirty-six albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into Group A (control), B (1% phenytoin mucoadhesive paste), and C (mucoadhesive paste without phenytoin). All animals were anesthetized followed by first molar extraction. Group A did not receive any agent, whereas, Group B and C received daily application of their respective pastes. Four animals from each group were sacrificed on day 7, 14, and 21 and analyzed histologically. Results: No significant difference was found in blood vessel count among the groups. Statistical increase in percentage of fibroblast in Group B was found as compared with other groups at day 7, whereas, no significant difference was found among groups at day 14. Day 21 showed significant decrease in percentage of fibroblasts in Group B (p-value < 0.001) as compared with Group A and C. Increase in percentage of bone trabeculae in Group B was observed on day 7, 14, and 21 with a significant difference (p-value < 0.05) as compared to Group A and C. Conclusion: Topical application of phenytoin promoted fibroblast proliferation and bone trabeculae formation during healing of extraction socket in rats.

Background: Direct Pulp Capping technique has been in use as a treatment therapy to sustain a vital pulp. The substitute procedure to the endodontic therapy or extraction is precise & successful pulp capping. Calcium hydroxide (CaOH) is considered as gold standard agent for pulp capping because of antibacterial characteristics & ability to form dentinal bridge. Calcium hydroxide has also shown great results on peri-apical healing process. Aim: To evaluate success rate of direct pulp capping when CaOH is used as a direct pulp capping agent Setting: Multan Dental College Multan Methodology: Sample size 60 cases. Patients of 15-40 years age group were selected with the exposure of the vital pulp by caries or Trauma in permanent lower molars clinically. Those cases with pinpoint (precise) exposure of pulp were selected. Flow of blood from site of exposure should be ceased inside two to three minutes after the applying the soaking cotton pallet with the saline. Results: 25 were woman (41.67%) and 35 were men (58.33%). Overall percentage of success is 80% which means that 48 patients had showed effectiveness, while twelve patients had shown failure of pulp capping Conclusion: We conclude that Calcium hydroxide is a choice for the direct pulpal capping. When a site of exposure is sealed/ wrapped by means of calcium hydroxide, the odds of the failure may decrease, and prognosis might be good. Keywords: Calcium hydroxide, Direct Pulp Capping, Postoperative X-ray, follow-up

Background: Cardiac arrest thought as topmost cause of a death in various regions of globe. Cardio-pulmonary arrest (CPA) is unexpected and swift halt/end in the patients breathing or/and circulation because of numerous causes. CPR incorporates comprehensive hard work as well as those practices for a recovering of any person who is facing cardiac failure Aim: To see as well as examine medical skills of demonstrator’s as per latest CPR regulatory principles & to pinpoint those precautionary measures Study design: Cross-sectional study Place and duration of study: This study of 3 months duration was carried on demonstrators of Multan dental college, Multan. Methodology: 40 demonstrators willingly took part in study. Simple random sampling technique was utilized in order to collect the data. Well-structured Performa was consumed. Informed consent was also sign up from contestants. Results: Men were sixteen while ladies were twenty four. 24(60%) applicants failed in initial assessment, 28(70%) participants reported failure due to compression rate error, 22(55%) participants were failed due to ventilation rate error and 12(30%) participants failed due to incorrect hand position Conclusion: The level of both knowledge and training about medical related emergencies of demonstrators is less than desirable level. Hence, it is needed to set accurate strategies and plans in order to fortify the known areas of weakness. Keywords: Cardio-pulmonary arrest, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, guiding principles, Medical emergencies