This study aimed to determine the effects of sub-lethal concentrations of cadmium (CdCl 2) on some haematological and biochemical parameters in 172 specimens of Clarias gariepinus. Fishes were captured from Manzala Lake, Egypt. They were acclimatized and fed with commercial fish diet for one month before starting the experiment. After determination of LC50, Two experimental groups were exposed to two sub-lethal concentrations (10% and 30% of LC 50) of cadmium chloride along with control group. Fishes from different experimental groups were sacrificed after 60 days of exposure. Haematological parameters including erythrocytes, Hb, PCV, thrombocyte, leucocytes, and differential count of WBCs were estimated. Also, some biochemical parameters such as sodium, potassium, calcium, glucose, total protein, albumin, AST, ALT, ammonia, urea, uric acid, total bilirubin, creatinine, total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides and cortisol and oxidative stress enzymes such as GSH, CAT, SOD, and MDA were measured. Group treated with 10 % of LC 50 of Cd showed significantly lower concentrations of Hb, thrombocytes and SOD activity and significantly higher concentrations of eosinophil, MDA, and triglyceride. On the other hand, group of 30 LC 50 of Cd showed a significantly lower concentration of sodium and significantly higher activities of CAT, ALT and ammonia concentrations. The investigated two sub-lethal concentration (10 % and 30% of LC 50 of Cd) groups showed a significantly lower activity of GSH and lower concentrations of potassium and cholesterol, besides these showed a significantly higher concentrations of uric acid and creatinine. Serum calcium, glucose, albumin, AST, urea and total lipids did not show any significant differences in the estimated treatment concentrations.

This study aimed to determine the effects of sub-lethal concentrations of lead (PbCl2) on some oxidative stress in the African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Fishes were captured from Manzala Lake, Egypt. They were acclimatized and fed with commercial fish diet for one month before starting the experiment. Two experimental groups were exposed to two sublethal concentrations (10% and 30% of LC 50 ) of lead chloride, fishes from different experimental groups were sacrificed after 60 days of exposure. Oxidative stress enzymes such as GSH, CAT, SOD, and MDA were estimated. Group treated with Pb10 % showed significantly lower concentrations of GSH. On the other hand, Pb 30% group showed a significantly higher concentration of CAT, MDA and SOD.

Serial concentrations of three unprocessed honey (mountain; nuwara clover and citrus) samples from Egypt, were evaluated for their ability to act as antimicrobial activity against fifteen fungal species including toxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus and four Gram positive and five Gram negative pathogenic bacterial isolates. Also, investigation of inhibitory action of aflatoxins production by A. flavus and A. parasiticus was studied. 90% and 100% concentrations of three honeys used, exhibited high ability to inhibit the growth of most of fungal and bacterial isolates. Mountain honey was the best honey. It showed antimicrobial activity followed by citrus then nuwara clover honey. However, 80% concentration from only mountain honey showed antimicrobial activity while all other honey concentrations prepared did not show any ability to reduce the growth of all fungal and bacterial isolates tested. As well as, no aflatoxins were produced at 100% concentration of three honeys used, while great reduction of aflatoxins production was detected after treatment with 90% concentration of all honeys. Moderated effect on toxins production was reported by 80% concentration and little inhibition was obtained at 70% honey concentration. Other honey concentrations (10% to 60%) showed opposite effect on aflatoxins production, where the amounts of toxins were increased. Mountain honey was the best, which showed ability to inhibit the production of aflatoxins by both of A. flavus and A. parasiticus followed by nuwara clover then citrus honey.

This study aimed to determine the effects of sub-lethal concentrations of cadmium (CdCl 2 ) on some haematological and biochemical parameters in 172 specimens of Clarias gariepinus. Fishes were captured from Manzala Lake, Egypt. They were acclimatized and fed with commercial fish diet for one month before starting the experiment. After determination of LC50, Two experimental groups were exposed to two sub-lethal concentrations (10% and 30% of LC 50 ) of cadmium chloride along with control group. Fishes from different experimental groups were sacrificed after 60 days of exposure. Haematological parameters including erythrocytes, Hb, PCV, thrombocyte, leucocytes, and differential count of WBCs were estimated. Also, some biochemical parameters such as sodium, potassium, calcium, glucose, total protein, albumin, AST, ALT, ammonia, urea, uric acid, total bilirubin, creatinine, total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides and cortisol and oxidative stress enzymes such as GSH, CAT, SOD, and MDA were measured. Group treated with 10 % of LC 50 of Cd showed significantly lower concentrations of Hb, thrombocytes and SOD activity and significantly higher concentrations of eosinophil, MDA, and triglyceride. On the other hand, group of 30 LC 50 of Cd showed a significantly lower concentration of sodium and significantly higher activities of CAT, ALT and ammonia concentrations. The investigated two sub-lethal concentration ( 10 % and 30% of LC 50 of Cd ) groups showed a significantly lower activity of GSH and lower concentrations of potassium and cholesterol, besides these showed a significantly higher concentrations of uric acid and creatinine. Serum calcium, glucose, albumin, AST, urea and total lipids did not show any significant differences in the estimated treatment concentrations.