The GDPR (GDPR, REGULATION (EU) 2016/679 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)) introduces the self-assessment of digital risks and the modulation of duties on the basis of the impact assessment analysis, including specific measures that intend to safeguard the data subject's human dignity and fundamental rights. Semantic web technologies and legal reasoning tools can support privacy-by-default and legal compliance. In this light, this paper presents a first draft of a legal ontology on the GDPR, called PrOnto, that has the goal of providing a legal knowledge modelling of the privacy agents, data types, types of processing operations, rights and obligations. The methodology used here is based on legal theory analysis joined with ontological patterns.

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Abstract. Ontology-driven systems with reasoning capabilities in the legal field are now better understood. Legal concepts are not discrete, but make up a dynamic continuum between common sense terms, specific technical use, and professional knowledge, in an evolving institutional reality. Thus, the tension between a plural understanding of regulations and a more general understanding of law is bringing into view a new landscape in which general legal frameworks -grounded in well-known legal theories stemming from 20th-century c. legal positivism or sociological jurisprudence -are made compatible with specific forms of rights management on the Web. In this sense, Semantic Web tools are not only being designed for information retrieval, classification, clustering, and knowledge management. They can also be understood as regulatory tools, i.e. as components of the contemporary legal architecture, to be used by multiple stakeholders -front-line practitioners, policymakers, legal drafters, companies, market agents, and citizens. That is the issue broadly addressed in this Special Issue on the Semantic Web for the Legal Domain, overviewing the work carried out over the last fifteen years, and seeking to foster new research in this field, beyond the state of the art.

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