Ocular allergy includes several clinically different conditions that can be considered as hypersensitivity disorders of the ocular surface. The classification of these conditions is complex, and their epidemiology has not been adequately studied because of the lack of unequivocal nomenclature. Ocular allergy symptoms are often, but not always, associated with other allergic manifestations, mostly rhinitis. However, specific ocular allergic diseases need to be recognized and managed by a team that includes both an ophthalmologist and an allergist. The diagnosis of ocular allergy is usually based on clinical history and signs and symptoms, with the support of in vivo and in vitro tests when the identification of the specific allergic sensitization is required for patient management. The aims of this Task Force Report are (i) to unify the nomenclature and classification of ocular allergy, by combining the ophthalmology and allergy Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma criteria; (ii) to describe current methods of diagnosis; (iii) to summarize the therapeutic options for the management of ocular allergic inflammation. Ocular allergy is a localized allergic condition that is observed as the only or dominant presentation of an allergic sensitiza-tion, or is associated with rhinitis. It is not a single clinical entity, but includes several conditions with different pathogen-esis, hypersensitivity mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, and management. Ocular allergies are encountered daily in the phy-sician's office. Approximately 15-20% of the world population is affected by some form of allergic disease; ocular symptoms are estimated to be present in 40-60% of allergic patients (1) and contribute significantly to poor quality of life (2-4). Most of the available prevalence data encompass both ocular and nasal symptoms, making it impossible to separate ocular allergy from allergic rhinitis. Moreover, the frequently confusing nomenclature makes estimations of prevalence difficult. The purpose of this position paper is to unify the nomenclature and classification of ocular allergies, in order to facilitate the exchange of information and knowledge on diagnosis and management between allergists and ophthalmologists. The existing evidence for treatment options was evaluated using the SIGN criteria (5). Classification and nomenclature The ocular allergy nomenclature is based either on clinical signs and symptoms (Table 1) or on pathophysiology, according to the different hypersensitivity mechanisms introduced by Gell and Coombs. In 2001, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)

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Conjunctival allergen provocation test (CAPT) reproduces the events occurring by instilling an allergen on the ocular surface. This paper is the compilation of a task force focussed on practical aspects of this technique based on the analysis of 131 papers. Main mechanisms involved are reviewed. Indications are diagnosing the allergen(s)-triggering symptoms in IgE-mediated ocular allergy in seasonal, acute or perennial forms of allergic conjunctivitis, especially when the relevance of the allergen is not obvious or in polysensitized patients. Contraindications are limited to ongoing systemic severe pathology, asthma and eye diseases. CAPT should be delayed if receiving systemic steroids or antihistamines. Local treatment should be interrupted according to the half-life of each drug. Prerequisites are as follows: obtaining informed consent; evidencing of an allergen by skin prick tests and/or serum-specific IgE dosages; being able to deal with an unlikely event such as acute asthma exacerbation, urticaria or anaphylaxis, or an exacerbation of allergic conjunctivitis. Allergen extracts should be diluted locally prior to administration. Positive criteria are based on itching or quoted according to a composite score. An alternative scoring is based on itching. CAPT remains underused in daily practice, although it is a safe and simple procedure which can provide valuable clinical information.The conjunctival allergen provocation test (CAPT), also known as conjunctival allergen challenge (CAC), is a conjunctival provocation test (CPT) used to evaluate the inflammatory effects on the external ocular surface after the topical application of an allergen in a presumed sensitized patient. The aim was to objectively evaluate the reactivity to specific allergens at the mucosal surface (1).As stated in a recent Position Paper on Ocular Allergy, CAPT is a method for investigating the ocular surface IgE-mediated hypersensitivity disorders. It is used to determine or confirm which allergen(s) triggers the ocular symptoms, using the eye as a model to evidence a specific reactivity to allergen(s) (2). Conjunctival allergen provocation test is also a tool for investigating allergic inflammation mechanisms and biomarkers of the ocular surface, as well as its treatments. Recently, it has been used as a surrogate test of mucosal reactivity in other allergic diseases, namely rhinitis, asthma, food and latex allergy (3-5).Allergy 72 (2017) 43-54

In adulthood, the importance of hazelnut sensitization to storage proteins, oleosin (Cor a 12), and Cor a 8 is diluted by the increased role of birch pollen cross-reactivity with Cor a 1. Cor a 8 sensitization in the Mediterranean is probably driven by diet in combination with pollen exposure. Hazelnut oleosin sensitization is prevalent across Europe; however, the clinical relevance remains to be established.