The study aimed at evaluating the total content of polyphenols (TPC) and phenolic acids (TPA) in grain of 4 spring einkorn, 4 emmer, 4 spelt and 4 common wheat genotypes cultivated under organic cropping system in two-year trials. The TPC and TPA were significantly affected both by genotype, wheat species and crop year (weather conditions). At the same time, TPC and TPA were mainly affected by the crop year while the effect of genetic factors was lesser. The TPC ranged from 618 mg/kg DM (dry matter) (common wheat cv. Annie) to 792.37 mg/kg DM (Triticum monococcum GEO) and TPA from 700.66 mg/kg DM (cv. Annie) to 874.74 mg/kg DM (Schwedishes einkorn) in an average of two-year results. Related to the wheat species, total content of polyphenols was in order einkorn > emmer > common wheat > spelt, total content of phenolic acids in order einkorn > spelt > emmer > common wheat. Higher TPC and TPA were observed in the very dry year 2018.

The aim of the study was to evaluate total antioxidant activity (TAA) and total content of carotenoids (TCC), anthocyanins (TAC), phenolics (TPC) and phenolic acids (PAs) in grain of selected pigmented wheat genotypes and traditional control cultivar cultivated under organic and conventional cropping systems in two-year trials. All of the evaluated parameters were significantly affected both by genotype and evaluated environmental factors. While in TPC, PAs and TCC the effect of years prevailed, TAC was affected mainly by genotype. The effect of genotype and year in TAA was comparable. TPC ranged from 581.71 mg/kg (control cv. Annie) to 723.60 mg/kg (cultivar with purple pericarp PS Karkulka), total PAs content from 711.77 mg/kg (cv. PS Karkulka) to 849.47 mg/kg (cv. Skorpion with blue aleurone). TCC varied from 1.56 mg/kg (cv. PS Karkulka) to 5.32 mg/kg (cv. Citrus with yellow endosperm). The highest TAC (63.23 mg/kg) was found in cv. Skorpion, the lowest (12.70 mg/kg) in cv. AF Jumiko with purple pericarp. Anthocyanins were not detected in cvs. Annie and Citrus. TAA varied from 162.68 mg/kg in cv. Annie to 226.71 mg/kg in breeding line KM 53-14 with blue aleurone. Higher TAA and antioxidants contents and lower grain yields were observed in organic cropping system and in drier year 2016.

The effect of Fusarium spp. contamination on baking quality of winter common wheat and spelt wheat from different growing systems (organic and conventional) was evaluated by the standard technological quality characteristics and by the rheological system Mixolab. The content of Fusarium spp. mycotoxins [deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-β-d-glucoside (D3G), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), and Zearalenones (ZON)] was determined too. Significantly worse standard technological quality parameters and rheological parameters were determined for artificially inoculated variants of both evaluated wheat species. Statistically significant negative correlation coefficients were discovered between content of mycotoxins and many of technological characteristics, for example, DON content and Zeleny sedimentation for common wheat and spelt (−0.60*; −0.66*) and also between DON content and volume weight (−0.63*; −0.95**) for both wheat species. Resulted Mixolab parameters confirmed that Fusarium spp. infection worsens both protein and starch characteristics for both wheat species. However, effect of Fusarium spp. contamination in spelt wheat was generally less pronounced in comparison with common wheat. Despite of visible shifts of Mixolab curves of samples from organic and conventional growing systems, resulted Mixolab characteristics were statistically comparable.

The effect of Fusarium spp. infestation on rheological quality of rye flour in different growing systems (organic and conventional) was measured by the rheological system Mixolab. The content of mycotoxins (DON, D3G, and standard technological quality parameters of grain were determined as well. Significantly worse technological and rheological parameters representing starch quality were determined for rye artificially inoculated by Fusarium spp. in both growing systems compared to rye with natural Fusarium spp. contamination. A statistically significant negative correlation, indicating deteriorated rheological quality, was discovered between the content of mycotoxins and falling number (−0.69* for DON), and also between mycotoxin content and a rate of starch gelatinization, represented by Mixolab parameter C3 (−0.57* for DON, −0.86** for 3-ADON and −0.87** for ZON). Despite the visible shifts of Mixolab curves of samples from the organic and conventional growing system, the Mixolab characteristics were statistically comparable. Distinct differences of Mixolab curves, presumably caused by the weather conditions, were found between the monitored years.

Collection of spring form of spelt wheat, emmer wheat and einkorn wheat genetic resources from the Gene Bank of CRI Prague-Ruzyně, cultivated in exact field small-plot trials under organic farming conditions of three experimental localities (Prague-Ruzyně, Prague-Uhříněves and České Budějovice) was evaluated with the view of basic technological parameters. Two spring cultivars of common wheat -SW Kadrilj and Jara as a check varieties were used. Minor wheat species were in comparison with the check cultivars of common wheat characterized by higher crude protein content and wet gluten content in grain dry matter. Gluten Index and Zeleny test values were low in einkorn and emmer, but in spelt were higher -this indicates wider possibilities of the spelt use for different types of bakery products.