Aim: To develop and pilot an algorithm to select older people for different types of medication review based on their case complexity.Methods: Experts rated complexity of patient cases through a Delphi-consensus method. The case characteristics were included in a regression model predicting complexity to develop a criteria-based algorithm. The algorithm was piloted in four community pharmacies with 38 patients of high and low complexity. Pharmacists conducted medication reviews according to their personal judgment and rated the patients' complexity. Time needed for reviewing and number of interventions (proposed and implemented) were assessed. Feasibility was evaluated with in-depth interviews.Results: We developed the algorithm with 75 cases proceeding from patients in average 79 years old and using 10 prescribed medications. The regression model (adjusted R2 = 0.726, P < 0.0001) resulted in the following criteria for the algorithm: “number of medications” × 1 + “number of prescribers” × 3 + “recent fall incident” × 7 + “does not collect own medication” × 4. The pharmacists performed advanced medication reviews with all patients. The time needed to perform the medication review did not differ significantly according to case complexity (76.9 min for high complexity; 66.1 min for low complexity). Agreement between the algorithm scores and the pharmacists' ratings on complexity degree was slight to moderate (Kappa 0.16–0.42). The pharmacists had mixed opinions about the feasibility of applying the algorithm, particularly regarding the criterion “fall incidents.”Conclusion: We developed an algorithm with four criteria that distinguished between high and low complexity patients as rated by experts. Additional validation steps are needed before implementation.
Introduction Opioid-induced constipation is a clinically relevant side effect and a cause of potentially avoidable drug-related hospital admissions. Objectives To describe the presence of laxative co-medication, the reasons for not starting laxatives and to evaluate changes in stool patterns of opioid initiators. Methods In this observational study community pharmacists evaluated the availability of laxative co-medication in starting opioid users and registered reasons for non-use. Two opioid initiators per pharmacy were invited to complete questionnaires (‘Bristol stool form scale’ and ‘Rome III Diagnostic Questionnaire for the Adult Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders’) on their defecation prior to and during opioid use. Descriptive statistics and Chi square tests were used to analyse reasons for non-use of laxatives and changes in defecation patterns. Results Eighty-one pharmacists collected data from 460 opioid initiators. Of those, 344 (74.8%) used laxatives concomitantly. Main reason not to use laxatives was that either prescribers or patients did not consider them necessary. Sixty-seven (89.3%) of the 75 opioid starters with two questionnaires completed were not constipated at opioid start. Eleven of them (16%) developed constipation during opioid use (Chi square p=0.003). At follow-up within laxative users 10.6% were constipated compared to 20.7% in subjects without laxatives. Conclusion One in four opioid starters did not dispose of laxative co-medication, mainly because they were not considered necessary by either the prescriber or the patient. The prevalence of constipation doubled during opioid use. A watchful waiting strategy for the use of laxative co-medication might include a monitoring of defecation patterns with validated questionnaires.
maceratie de irritatie en infectie bevorderen. Het gevaar van maceratie van de huid kan versterkt worden door occlusie van de anale huid, zoals bij gebruik van vaseline. Bij kinderen zijn oxyuren (Enterobius vermicularis) de meest voorkomende oorzaak; de jeuk komt dan vooral 's nachts en bij defecatie voor (zie NHG-Farmacotherapeutische richtlijn Worminfecties). Ook bij volwassenen komen oxyuren voor. Bij kinderen (tussen 6 maanden en 10 jaar) kan de jeuk ook veroorzaakt worden door perianale streptokokkendermatitis (impetigo). Bij volwassenen is een dermatomycose (veelal een candida-infectie), al dan niet uitgelokt door fecale verontreiniging, een regelmatig voorkomende oorzaak. Voorts kunnen hemorroïden, fissura ani, fistels en locale irritatie door feces (bijvoorbeeld door diarree of door 'fecal soiling' zoals bij incontinentie bij ouderen, kinderen of bij volwassenen met een verstandelijke beperking), door zeep, (vochtig) toiletpapier, fluor en urine-incontinentie een rol spelen. Ook wordt ontoereikende of juist overmatige anale hygiëne wel beschreven als etiologische factor. Tevens kan er sprake zijn van een combinatie van factoren die zorgen voor (het in stand houden van) de jeuk. Minder frequent voorkomende oorzaken zijn atopische en seborroïsche dermatitis, psoriasis en (contact)eczeem. Zelden voorkomende oorzaken waarbij pruritus ani als primaire klacht gepresenteerd wordt, zijn proctitis, inflammatoire darmziekten, (seksueel overdraagbare) infecties, erythrasma, lichen sclerosus, diabetes mellitus, ziekte van Paget (een zeldzame vorm van huidkanker die er uitziet als een rode, ontstoken, vocht afscheidende huidvlek) en tumoren. Warmte, transpiratie en lang zitten kunnen (vooral bij adipositas) de klachten verergeren. 2 Voedingsmiddelen zijn vrijwel nooit de oorzaak van pruritus ani. Lokaal gebruik van corticosteroïden rond de anus kan sneller dan bij toepassing elders op de huid zorgen voor atrofie en maceratie, en daardoor pruritus ani veroorzaken of verergeren. Rond de anus kan door warmte en transpiratie een soort occlusie-effect optreden. Bij het Nederlands Bijwerkingencentrum Lareb is pruritus ani vooral gemeld als vermoede bijwerking na gebruik van corticosteroïden en antibiotica. 3 Pruritus ani recidiveert regelmatig. Er zijn patiënten die jarenlang klachten houden.
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