Epiphytes are hyper‐diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non‐vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer‐reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non‐vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non‐vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events.

Insects show a multitude of symbiotic interactions that may vary in degree of specialization and structure. Gallinducing insects and their parasitoids are thought to be relatively specialized organisms, but despite their ecological importance, the organization and structure of the interactions they establish with their hosts has seldom been investigated in tropical communities. Non-pollinating fig wasps (NPFW) are particularly interesting organisms for the study of ecological networks because most species strictly develop their offspring within fig inflorescences, and show a multitude of life history strategies. They can be gall-makers, cleptoparasites or parasitoids of pollinating or of other non-pollinating fig wasps. Here we analysed a set of non-pollinating fig wasp communities associated with six species of Ficus section Americanae over a wide area. This allowed us to investigate patterns of specialization in a diverse community composed of monophagous and polyphagous species. We observed that most NPFW species were cleptoparasites and parasitoids, colonizing figs several days after oviposition by pollinators. Most species that occurred in more than one host were much more abundant in a single preferential host, suggesting specialization. The food web established between wasps and figs shows structural properties that are typical of specific antagonistic relationships, especially of endophagous insect networks. Two species that occurred in all available hosts were highly abundant in the network, suggesting that in some cases generalized species can be more competitive than strict specialists. The Neotropical and, to a lesser extent, Afrotropical NPFW communities seem to be more generalized than other NPFW communities. However, evidence of host sharing in the Old World is quite limited, since most studies have focused on particular taxonomic groups (genera) of wasps instead of sampling the whole NPFW community. Moreover, the lack of quantitative information in previous studies prevents us from detecting patterns of host preferences in polyphagous species.

O estudo foi realizado em uma escola de cursos técnicos profissionalizantes, onde circulam cerca de cinco mil pessoas por dia. O objetivo do estudo foi quantificar os resíduos recicláveis e não recicláveis gerados na unidade e verificar o seu correto descarte. Para isso, foram coletadas duas amostras das lixeiras da área externa do local de estudo. Foi constatado que a instituição deixa de enviar para reciclagem 39,6 kg de plástico e 4,8 kg de alumínio/média/mês, porém envia para cooperativa de reciclagem cerca de 155,5 kg de resíduos orgânicos/média/mês. Os usuários da instituição não praticam o correto descarte dos resíduos sendo necessário a implementação de um programa de Educação Ambiental para contribuir com o processo de sensibilização quanto ao correto descarte e separação dos resíduos na fonte.

A Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos completa duas décadas e apesar de ser considerada uma lei moderna e promissora com vistas à gestão integrada e sustentável dos recursos hídricos, ainda existem diversos obstáculos quanto a gestão da água no país. O objetivo central deste trabalho foi identificar as questões fundamentais relativas a gestão das águas e analisar as fragilidades e potencialidades da Lei das Águas, afim de investigar os principais desafios e necessidades quanto à gestão deste recurso. Para tal, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica da produção científica dos últimos 20 anos relacionada à temática da gestão dos recursos hídricos no Brasil. Após duas décadas de implementação da Lei da Águas no Brasil, diversos são os obstáculos existente no que diz respeito às questões chaves para o planejamento e gestão dos recursos hídricos. A partir do conhecimento de tais obstáculos é necessário pensar em melhorias nos diversos níveis institucionais, políticos e administrativos.Palavras chave: Recursos hídricos; Bacia hidrográfica; Gestão integrada; Sustentabilidade. SUSTAINABLE AND INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT IN RIVER BASINS: 20 YEARS OF THE LAW OF WATERS IN BRAZIL ABSTRACTThe national water resources policy in Brazil completes two decades and despite being considered a modern and promising law for the integrated and sustainable management of water resources, there are still several obstacles to water management in the country. The main objective of this work was to identify the fundamental issues related to water management and to analyze the weaknesses and potentialities of the Water Law in order to investigate the main challenges and needs regarding the management of this resource. For this, a bibliographic review of the scientific production of the last 20 years related to the management of water resources in Brazil was carried out. After two decades of implementation of the Water Law in Brazil, there are several obstacles to the key issues for planning and management of water resources. From the knowledge of such obstacles it is necessary to think about improvements at the various institutional, political and administrative levels.

RESUMOO presente trabalho foi realizado para a região do Araripe, localizada no oeste de Pernambuco. Esta região apresenta importantes modificações em seu ambiente natural, principalmente ocasionadas pela remoção da cobertura vegetal nativa, muitas vezes resultante de desmatamento ilegal para a utilização da lenha como fonte energética nas indústrias gesseiras. Este trabalho buscou separar e quantificar a cobertura vegetal da região estudada a partir do Índice