En este artículo se presenta una propuesta de análisis de las preguntas de los alumnos que parte de la distinción entre presupuesto y demanda establecida por Graesser (1992). El presupuesto se analiza en relación a los contenidos y la demanda en relación a los componentes de la explicación científica (Pickett et al, 1994). Este análisis se aplica a las preguntas planteadas por los alumnos de primer ciclo de ESO (12-13 años) en el estudio del Ciclo del Agua. Los resultados del análisis muestran la validez de la metodología propuesta ya que a partir de ellos se pueden caracterizar distintos niveles de comprensión del ciclo del agua también diversas maneras de preguntarse sobre los fenómenos lo que configura distintas capacidades de razonamiento científico. Una propuesta final de la investigación es el diseño de un instrumento de evaluación de las preguntas que permite diagnosticar el conocimiento del alumno en relación al tema objeto de estudio.
Domènech, A. M., Márquez, C., Roca, M., Marbà, A. (2015) La medicalización de la sociedad, un contexto para promover el desarrollo y uso de conocimientos científicos sobre el cuerpo humano. RESUMEN • En esta investigación se ha diseñado e implementado una unidad didáctica sobre la medicalización de la sociedad para favorecer el desarrollo de conocimientos científicos. Se analizan las ideas previas de 283 alumnos de 1.º de bachillerato y 116 de 3.º de ESO; la evolución de estas ideas; el tipo de información con el que justifican actuaciones relacionadas con la automedicación, y las diferencias que se observan en función del curso. Los resultados muestran que, al final de la unidad, las explicaciones de los alumnos se ajustan más al modelo científico y que, aunque hacen referencia a estos conocimientos cuando responden preguntas enmarcadas en un contexto científico, también enfatizan creencias, experiencias y valores personales cuando el contexto pasa a ser cotidiano. Se comentan implicaciones educativas derivadas de los resultados.PALABRAS CLAVE: competencia científica; controversias socio-científicas; efectos secundarios; cuerpo humano como sistema; acción medicamentos. ABSTRACT • In this research, a SSI teaching unit based on medicalization of society has been designed and implemented in order to promote the development of scientific knowledge. A total of 399 students (283 aged 16 to 17 and 116 aged 14 to 15) participated. We analyzed: a) students' prior ideas and their evolution, b) the kind of information used to justify self-medication practices, and, c) the significance of the differences found due to students' grade. Results show that, at the end of the unit, students' explanations are closer to the scientific model and, although they usually refer to this knowledge when answering questions in a scientific context, they also emphasize other aspects such as beliefs, personal values and experiences when the context is daily life situations. Finally, educational implications of these results are discussed.
SUMMARY:The aim of the present study was to evaluate the available evidence on the effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery for treating gallstones and common bile duct lithiasis (CBDL). A systematic overview was performed. Medline, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library were searched (1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008). Systematic reviews (SR), clinical practice guidelines (CPG), randomised clinical trials (RCT) and observational studies were included. Internal validity and overall quality of the evidence were assessed. The available evidence was classified according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine proposal. 87 studies were included in this review (12 SR, 23 RCT, 3 CPG, 13 cohort studies, 3 cross-sectional studies, 2 case and control studies and 31 case series). Compared with open cholecystectomy, laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is associated with shorter operating time, shorter hospital stay and better quality of life (high quality evidence). The use of antibiotic prophylaxis does not appear to reduce the infection rate in low-risk patients (high quality evidence). Although many techniques have been advocated to perform LC their effectiveness is as yet inconclusive (low-quality evidence). Two-stage surgery is the most appropriate strategy for high-risk patients with CBDL (high-quality evidence). Mortality is similar to open surgery, as the effectiveness is similar to that of endoscopic treatment (high-quality evidence). As a conclusion we can state that the evidence concerning the effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery for gallstones and CBDL is scarce and of low methodological quality and that better quality studies are warranted to assess these techniques more adequately.
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