The evidence from this study suggests that social support-enhancing interventions that also manage depressive symptoms may be more timely and effective than interventions that target depressive symptoms alone in promoting adherence to medication adherence and self-care activities in this population.

The MMAS-8 and Hill-Bone scale seem to be well-validated instruments for assessing medication adherence in adults at risk for metabolic syndrome. These findings may assist clinicians with selecting the appropriate instruments for assessing medication adherence in this population. However, further studies might be needed to define concepts to better understand the dimensions of each medication adherence instrument.

These results support the cross-cultural applicability of the concepts underlying the ARMS-K. The ARMS-K can be used not only to assess adherence to refills and medications in Koreans with diabetes but also to examine the potential role of adherence to refills and medications in enhanced glycemic control of people with diabetes in a variety of clinical settings.

Aims and Objectives To determine the effectiveness of nurse‐led interventions on medication adherence, medication knowledge and clinical outcomes in adults taking medication for metabolic syndrome. Background Despite the significance of interventions designed to improve medication adherence, a systematic review of nurse‐led intervention studies for metabolic syndrome is lacking. Design A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials. Methods The study was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines checklist. PubMed, EMBASE, PsychINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL and other manual sources were searched in May 2021.The quality assessment was conducted using the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis 3.0 was used to calculate the pooled effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals. Results This review included 20 studies of nurse‐led medication adherence interventions in 6017 adults at risk for metabolic syndrome. The pooled effect size using the random effects model indicated that nurse‐led interventions had a significantly moderate impact on enhancing medication adherence and medication knowledge and improving selected clinical outcomes of available studies in nurse‐led intervention groups compared with control groups. Duration of intervention (median 12 weeks), mode of delivery (group vs. individual) and using multiple strategies influenced outcomes of nurse‐led medication adherence interventions. The results revealed that interventions of moderate‐ to high‐quality studies were more likely to show significant improvements in medication adherence than those of low‐quality studies. Conclusion The meta‐analyses showed that nurse‐led interventions may enhance medication adherence and knowledge and improve clinical outcomes of this population. Relevance to Clinical Practice The findings may contribute to evidence‐based information about nurse‐led intervention and its selection of appropriate interventions for improving medication adherence in this population. Patient or public contribution Patients or the public were not directly involved in this review.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to translate the Perceived Therapeutic Efficacy Scale (PTES) into Korean and investigate its validity and reliability. Methods: The authors conducted a cross-sectional survey using baseline data from a randomized controlled study to psychometrically validate the PTES-Korean (PTES-K) among 108 adults with type 2 diabetes from an outpatient clinic at a university-affiliated hospital in Korea. The original PTES was forward-translated and back-translated to ensure translation equivalence of the PTES-K. Structured questionnaires were used for psychometric evaluation; exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis assessed validity, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used for reliability. Results: The interitem correlation analyses revealed that 5 items were redundant; thus, the scale was reduced to 5 items. A 1-factor model explained 76.85% of the variance; confirmatory factor analysis showed that this model adequately fit the data. The ICC for test-retest reliability was .78; Cronbach’s alpha was .92. The PTES-K showed significant associations with the scores of diabetes self-care activities for physical activity, quality of life, and depressive symptoms. Participants with good glycemic control and regular physical activity tended to have a higher score on the PTES-K than their counterparts, demonstrating known-groups validity. Conclusions: The cross-cultural applicability, reliability, and validity of the PTES-K were confirmed. The PTES-K may be used in clinical settings to examine the potential role of perceived therapeutic efficacy for physical activity in enhanced glycemic control among patients with diabetes.