Os/+ mice with a superimposed lpr mutation displayed a more severe renal phenotype, rather than phenotype rescue, suggesting that Fas pathway activation is necessary to delete cells resulting from Os-dependent injury. We further propose that an Os-lpr gene interaction and/or mixed ROP-C3H genetic background regulated the renal phenotype, consistent with the concept that chronic renal disease pathogenesis reflects effects of multiple nephropathy susceptibility alleles.

The significant and frequent morbidity of post-procedural urinary tract infections has resulted in both the American Urological Association and European Association of Urology developing guidelines and recommendations. The difficulty with any guideline is the practical application to the office setting. The goal is to effectively and safely evaluate and treat patients by efficient and cost-sensitive means. By creating an algorithm to aid in the application of the guidelines, the clinician can identify the high-risk patient and potentially reduce post-procedural urinary tract infections in an efficient and cost-effective manner.