Two separate studies of the reactions to cold of one sample of 8 and one sample of 15 Kalahari Bushmen were made in their natural habitat and the results compared with the Bantu and, to a smaller extent, with the Caucasians. With a decrease in temperature from 27 to 5 C the metabolisms of all three groups rose. Metabolic rates per square meter of Bantu and Bushmen were similar, although higher than those of the Caucasians, but the percentage increases were closely similar for all groups. Rectal temperatures of Bushmen and Bantu were similar and decreased as the temperature dropped, while that of the Caucasians rose. Toe and finger temperatures of the Bushmen were higher over the whole temperature range than those of the Bantu and Caucasians, while the average skin temperatures were closely similar. Metabolic rates and rectal temperatures, therefore, indicate that subcutaneous tissue insulation against heat flow is greater for the Caucasians than for the Bantu or the Bushmen. Measurements of average skinfold thicknesses confirm this finding. Bushmen and Bantu reactions are quantitatively similar, but are qualitatively slightly different. From these findings we conclude that the difference between Bushmen, Bantu, and Caucasians is essentially morphological. desert and "river" Bushmen in the heat; effect of morphology on reaction to heat; heat reactions of Bantu and Bushmen; state of acclimatization to heat of Bushmen and Bantu; sweat rates of Bantu and Bushmen in standard heat conditions Submitted on October 21, 1963

No abstract

Background:Management of penetrating cranial trauma remains a high acuity and imaging intense neurosurgical disorder. Imaging of vital structures, including angiography, is typically conducted to understand the proximity of vital structures in comparison to a foreign body and prepare for intraoperative complications such as hemorrhage. Preservation of function following initial injury in cases where minimal neurological deficit exists is essential.Case Description:Here, we present a case using intraoperative computed tomography to assist in early detection and resolution of hemorrhage in the surgical management of an intact patient with self-inflicted penetrating cranial trauma.Conclusions:This method may aid in early detection of hemorrhage and prevention of consequential neurological deterioration or emergent need for secondary surgery.

Asthma, perennial rhinitis and eczema affect between 3040% of the population of industrialised countries. Endobronchial T-cell infiltration and activation is an important aspect of the histology of asthma. Phenotyping of the T-cells involved in asthma has largely been based on cytokine secretion profiles. Studies have implicated T helper subtypes secreting interleukin 4 (114) and IL-5 in asthma [1, 21. Antiien and superantigen activation of T-cells occurs predominantly via the variable 01) region of the T-cell receptor (TCR), however, liltle is known about the subtypes of the TCR through which antigen activation occurs. The