Aim: This study aimed to detect and characterize current genotypes of canine parvovirus (CPV) in Egypt during 2018. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 fecal swabs were collected from clinically infected domestic dogs of 2-5 months of age, suspected to suffer from CPV infection, from Cairo and Giza Governorates. The samples were subjected to qualitative antigen detection using the rapid test, followed by isolation on Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, molecular characterization with partial amplification of VP2 gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results: Out of 50 fecal samples, 20 samples were positive (40%) by Rapid CPV/canine coronavirus Ag Test Kit. These positive samples were cultured successfully on MDCK cells. Nine randomly chosen samples out of 30 apparently negative samples were amplified using PCR with primers Hfor and Hrev to yield a typical 630 bp fragment. Then, six randomly chosen samples out of nine were amplified using PCR with primers Pbs and Pbas to yield a typical 427 bp fragment. Sequencing, BLAST analysis and assembly of the two fragments (630 bp and 427 bp) to produce 912 bp fragments, in the six samples, revealed two serotypes CPV-2b and CPV-2c. The obtained strains were submitted to GenBank and given accession numbers MK642272, MK642273, MK642274, MK642275, MK642276, and MK642277. Phylogenetic analysis of the Egyptian strains serotype 2b illustrated that they were closely related to Thailand strains (accession numbers KP715709, KP715694, KP715701, and KP715700); while Egyptian strains serotype 2c was closely related to Thailand strains (accession numbers MH711894 and MH711902), Taiwanese strain (KU244254), Chinese strain (MF467242), and Vietnamese strain (accession number LC216910). Conclusion: The current research recommends further epidemiological studies to assess the extent of the occurrence of different serotypes of CPV in Egypt and the efficiency of imported and locally produced vaccines in protection against CPV infection.

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Bluetongue disease (BT) is a notifiable arboviral disease affecting ruminants causing severe economic losses worldwide. The BTV can infect nearly all ruminants and is largely transmitted via biting midge (Culicoides spp.) among other arthropods. Bluetongue disease virus (BTV) is a non-enveloped, spherical double-stranded RNA virus, with 3 concentric protein shells, belonging to genus Orbivirus and family Reoviridae. The RNA

African horse sickness (AHS) is caused by a virus of the family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus. There are 9 antigenically distinct serotypes of AHS virus (AHSV) identified by virus neutralisation, but some crossreaction has been observed between 1 and 2, 3 and 7, 5 and 8, and 6 and 9. No cross-reactions with other known orbiviruses have been observed. Resistance to physical and chemical actionTemperature:AHSV is relatively heat stable, and it is not inactivated by heating in citrated plasma at 55-75°C for 10 minutes, but the virus can be inactivated at 72°C for 120 minutes. Minimal loss of titre when lyophilised or frozen at -70°C with Parker Davis Medium. Infectivity is remarkably stable at 4°C, particularly in the presence of stabilisers such as serum and sodium oxalate, carbolic acid and glycerine: blood in OCG can remain infective >20 years. Can be stored >6 months at 4°C in saline with 10% serum. Fairly labile between -20°C and -30°C. pH:Destroyed at pH < 6 or pH ≥ 12. Optimal pH is 7.0 to 8.5. Chemicals/Disinfectants: Inactivated by formalin (0.1%) for 48 hours, β-propiolactone (0.4%), binary ethyleneimine or radiation. Resistant to lipid solvents such as ether. Inactivated by acetic acid (2%), potassium peroxymonosulfate/sodium chloride -Virkon® S (1%), and sodium hypochlorite (3%). Survival:Putrefaction does not destroy the virus: putrid blood may remain infective for >2 years, but virus is rapidly destroyed in meat by rigor mortis (lowering pH).Vaccine strains survive well in lyophilised state at 4°C. EPIDEMIOLOGY• The disease has both a seasonal (late summer/autumn) and an epizootic cyclical incidence, with disease associated with drought followed by heavy rain. AHSV is capable of overwintering, at least in milder climates where Culicoides adults can survive.