Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of canine parvovirus circulating in Egypt

Abstract

<jats:p>Aim: This study aimed to detect and characterize current genotypes of canine parvovirus (CPV) in Egypt during 2018. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 fecal swabs were collected from clinically infected domestic dogs of 2-5 months of age, suspected to suffer from CPV infection, from Cairo and Giza Governorates. The samples were subjected to qualitative antigen detection using the rapid test, followed by isolation on Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, molecular characterization with partial amplification of VP2 gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results: Out of 50 fecal samples, 20 samples were positive (40%) by Rapid CPV/canine coronavirus Ag Test Kit. These positive samples were cultured successfully on MDCK cells. Nine randomly chosen samples out of 30 apparently negative samples were amplified using PCR with primers Hfor and Hrev to yield a typical 630 bp fragment. Then, six randomly chosen samples out of nine were amplified using PCR with primers Pbs and Pbas to yield a typical 427 bp fragment. Sequencing, BLAST analysis and assembly of the two fragments (630 bp and 427 bp) to produce 912 bp fragments, in the six samples, revealed two serotypes CPV-2b and CPV-2c. The obtained strains were submitted to GenBank and given accession numbers MK642272, MK642273, MK642274, MK642275, MK642276, and MK642277. Phylogenetic analysis of the Egyptian strains serotype 2b illustrated that they were closely related to Thailand strains (accession numbers KP715709, KP715694, KP715701, and KP715700); while Egyptian strains serotype 2c was closely related to Thailand strains (accession numbers MH711894 and MH711902), Taiwanese strain (KU244254), Chinese strain (MF467242), and Vietnamese strain (accession number LC216910). Conclusion: The current research recommends further epidemiological studies to assess the extent of the occurrence of different serotypes of CPV in Egypt and the efficiency of imported and locally produced vaccines in protection against CPV infection.</jats:p>

Molecular Epidemiological Survey of Canine Parvovirus Circulating in China from 2014 to 2019

“…Notably, one Italian strain was also included in this clade; however, this strain was reportedly of Asian origin [ 48 ]. In recent years, several studies have detected CPV-2 strains originating from Asia in Oceanian, African, American, and European countries [ 47 , 48 , 53 , 56 , 57 , 58 ]. Therefore, stricter border controls may be needed as a preventive measure.…”

Canine parvovirus type 2c in Vietnam continues to form distinct descendants with new mutations restricted to the Vietnamese variants

“…CPV-2c may be of the causes of vaccination failure in dogs in Vietnam and worldwide. [5]; No 6-15: strains reported by [12]; [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] strains reported by [13]; No 25-32: taken from GenBank; No 33-48: strains reported by [20]; No 49-59: strains reported by [26]; No 60-93: strains reported by this study.…”

“…The substantially mutated Asian CPV-2c strains have been evidenced to appear in the European and African countries since 2018-2019 by any means, one of which, ie. via dog importation [18,22,23]. Severe parvoviral outbreaks in vaccinated populations with old/classical live attenuated CPV vaccines were worldwide documented [1,8,9].…”

“…either the world/global (VT) and the Asian CPV-2c mutant strains (Asia-2c) [19,21,25,26]. The latter variants were evidenced to be originated in Asian countries and spread back to the European and African countries, ie., Italy, Egypt, Nigeria, respectively [19,22,23,43]. The Asian CPV-2c strains were reported circulating in India, China, Mongolia, Laos, Taiwan, Thailand, Korea, and Vietnam since 2010 [20,24,25,42,44,45].…”

“…Evidence has also been documented for the emerging genetic recombination between CPV eld variants and vaccine strains and between CPV and FPV, in uencing epidemiology, evolution, and genotypic identi cation [16,17]. The fact is that the fast global spread, country-crossing, and intercontinental transmission, and the dominance/co-existence of the new antigenic variants (CPV-2a, new CPV-2a, CPV-2b, new CPV-2b), and particularly, CPV-2c and new CPV-2c have been reported worldwide [2,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26].…”