Haffner's tail-pinch method (1) for testing analgesic drugs has been adopted in many laboratories either in the original method (2-4, 17) or in the varieties of modifications (5-7). Certain objections can, however, be raised against the use of the Haffner's method; the intensity of the painful stimulus produced by this method is not shown in figures, neither is it varied quantitatively. The improvement of these disadvantages has been carried out by Eddy (8), Friend and Harris (9), Fleish and Dolivo (10), Brodie et al. (11), Green and Young (12), Yanai

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Testing drugs on intact animals is considered to be the best method for investigation (1) and since there have been a few reports concerning the action of psychotropic drugs on unlearned behavior, the authors were interested in their effects on emotional behavior of animals. Hall's open-field test, the optimum conditions of which were established by Broadhurst, has been used for many years to study behavior (2-4).
This test is generally accepted as a valid measure of emotion in rats. The principle

In a cooperative postmarketing study, 3,913 Japanese patients received diltiazem, an orally administered calcium channel blocking agent, for 30 to over 360 days. Drug safety was assessed by monthly evaluations of subjective symptoms, electrocardiographic recordings, adverse experiences, vital signs, and biochemical profiles. Original case report forms were processed and analyzed in the United States. None of the observed adverse experiences were serious or life threatening. They occurred in 1.8% of the patients and primarily involved the gastrointestinal system; anorexia and nausea were the most common adverse effects. The majority of the other adverse experiences were extensions of the drug's pharmacologic effects. Diltiazem appears to cause relatively minor clinical toxicity at a low frequency.

Since the discovery of Vogt (1) that the acute administration of morphine causes a decrease in the content of noradrenaline (NA) in cat brain, attempts have been made to explain the mechanism of action of morphine in terms of its effect on brain level of this amine (2-5). However, little work has been done to study the effect of morphine on the content of dopamine (DA) in the brain. The present communication reports the effect of morphine on the DA and NA content of mouse brain.