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Abstract-Arabic is the official language overall Arab countries, it is used for official speech, news-papers, public administration and school. In Parallel, for everyday communication, nonofficial talks, songs and movies, Arab people use their dialects which are inspired from Standard Arabic and differ from one Arabic country to another. These linguistic phenomenon is called disglossia, a situation in which two distinct varieties of a language are spoken within the same speech community. It is observed Throughout all Arab countries, standard Arabic widely written but not used in everyday conversation, dialect widely spoken in everyday life but almost never written. Thus, in NLP area, a lot of works have been dedicated for written Arabic. In contrast, Arabic dialects at a near time were not studied enough. Interest for them is recent. First work for these dialects began in the last decade for middle-east ones. Dialects of the Maghreb are just beginning to be studied. Compared to written Arabic, dialects are under-resourced languages which suffer from lack of NLP resources despite their large use. We deal in this paper with Arabic Algerian dialect a non-resourced language for which no known resource is available to date. We present a first linguistic study introducing its most important features and we describe the resources that we created from scratch for this dialect.

Insulin and amino acids are key factors in regulating protein synthesis. The mechanisms of their action have been widely studied for several years. The insulin signal is mediated by the activation of intracellular kinases such as phosphatidylinositol-3 0 kinase and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), affecting the phosphorylation of some major effectors involved in the regulation of translation initiation, i.e. p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K) and the translational repressor eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein (4E-BP1). The amino acid-induced signalling cascade also originates from mTOR and promotes p70S6K and 4E-BP1 activation. However, the mechanisms of regulation are complex and little understood, especially in vivo. Elucidating these mechanisms is important for both fundamental physiology and nutritional applications, i.e. better control of the use of nutrients and optimisation of dietary amino acid supplies in various physiological and physiopathological situations. In comparative physiology, the chicken is an interesting model to gain better understanding of the nutritional regulation of mRNA translation because of the very high rates of muscle growth and protein synthesis, and the unusual features compared with mammals. In the present review we provide an overview of the roles of insulin and amino acids as regulators of protein synthesis in both mammals and avian species.

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