The interaction between meloxicam and sulfonatocalix[4]naphthalene was investigated to improve the meloxicam solubility and its dissolution performance. Solubility behavior was investigated in distilled water (DW) and at different pH conditions. Besides, solid systems were prepared in a 1:1 molar ratio using coevaporate, kneading, and simple physical mixture techniques. Further, they were characterized by PXRD, FT-IR, DCS, and TGA. In vitro dissolution rate for coevaporate, kneaded, and physical mixture powders were also investigated. Solubility study revealed that meloxicam solubility significantly increased about 23.99 folds at phosphate buffer of pH 7.4 in the presence of sulfonatocalix[4]naphthalene. The solubility phase diagram was classified as AL type, indicating the formation of 1:1 stoichiometric inclusion complex. PXRD, FT-IR, DCS, and TGA pointed out the formation of an inclusion complex between meloxicam and sulfonatocalix[4]naphthalene solid powders prepared using coevaporate technique. In addition, in vitro meloxicam dissolution studies revealed an improvement of the drug dissolution rate. Furthermore, a significantly higher drug release (p ≤ 0.05) and a complete dissolution was achieved during the first 10 min compared with the other solid powders and commercial meloxicam product. The coevaporate product has the highest increasing dissolution fold and RDR10 in the investigated media, with average values ranging from 5.4–65.28 folds and 7.3–90.7, respectively. In conclusion, sulfonatocalix[4]naphthalene is a promising host carrier for enhancing the solubility and dissolution performance of meloxicam with an anticipated enhanced bioavailability and fast action for acute and chronic pain disorders.

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Phenol is a severe pollutant that harms the environment and, potentially, human health. This study aimed to investigate the biodegradability of phenol by the plant growth-promoting bacterium R. nepotum. That included studying the growth kinetics and the effects of growth conditions such as incubation temperature, pH, and the use of different substrate concentrations. As the primary substrate, six different starting concentrations of phenol were utilized. The ability of these cells to biodegrade phenol was greatly influenced by the culture conditions. After 36 and 96 hours of incubation at pH 7 and a temperature of 28 C, this organism grew the fastest and had the highest phenol biodegradation. The biodegradation rate is much higher at 700 mg/L, the highest of the six concentrations tried. In less than 96 hours of incubation, more than 90% of the phenol (700 mg/L) had been eliminated. The Haldane model has been the most accurate for determining the relationship between the initial concentration of phenol and growth rate. In contrast, the refined Gompertz model provided the most accurate depiction of phenol biodegradation over time. As predicted by the Haldane equation, the highest specific growth rate, half-saturation coefficient, and Haldane's growth kinetics inhibition coefficient are 0.7161 h1, 15.8 parts per million (ppm), and 292 parts per million (ppm), respectively. The equation of Haldane successfully fitted the experimental data by reducing the SSR (sum of squared errors) to 3.8x10 3. According to the results of the analysis by GC-MS for the bacterial culture sample, the hydroxylase enzyme was the first to convert the phenol molecule into catechol. The catechol was subsequently broken down into 2-hydroxymucconic semialdehyde by the 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme, which occurred through the meta-pathway. It is the first study showing that R. nepotum, a plant growth promoter, has high efficiency of phenol. In phenol-stressed conditions, this could help with rhizoremediation and crop yield preservation.

Urinary calculi are stones (urolithiasis) that can form anywhere in urinary tract outside of the kidneys and mostly composed of calcium oxalate and phosphate, additionally with elevated throughout the last two decades in the world. Chemical composition plays a major part in nephrolithiasis. Therefore, the high concentrations of lithogenic substances in urine enhance the crystallization method in urine tract system. The most kidney stones form from calcium oxalate, the present study was inspected the effect of the crude aqueous extract as well as the fractionated methanol extract (ethyl acetate, isopropanol, acetone and methanol residue) of paronychia argentea on the crystallization of calcium oxalate salts. The effect of aqueous extract and fractionated methanol extract on the size, number, type of calcium oxalate crystals. Paronychia argentea both the crude aqueous and the fractionated extract, especially ethyl acetate fraction have antiurolithic activity via reducing crystal size as well as activate the formation of calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals out from calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) with increasing concentration of extract. The shifting of crystallization process to producing calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) rather than oxalate monohydrate (COM) and the reducing the crystal size and calcium ion concentration, in addition to the diuretic action of extract plays an important role in controlling urolithiasis.

Phenol is one of the main pollutants that have a serious impact on the environment and can even be very critical to human health. The biodegradation of phenol can be considered an increasingly important pollution control process. In this study, the degradation of phenol by Bacillus simplex was investigated for the first time under different growth conditions. Six different initial concentrations of phenol were used as the primary substrate. Culture conditions had an important effect on these cells' ability to biodegrade phenol. The best growth of this organism and its highest biodegradation level of phenol were noticed at pH 7, temperature 28 °C, and periods of 36 and 96 h, respectively. The GC-MS analysis of the bacterial culture sample revealed that further degradation of the catechol by 1,2-dioxygenase produce a cis, cis-mucconic acid via ortho-pathway and/or by 2,3-dioxygenase into 2-hydroxymucconic semialdehyde via meta-pathway. The highest biodegradation rate was perceived at 700 mg/L initial phenol concentration. Approximately 90% of the phenol (700 mg / L) was removed in less than 96 hours of incubation time. It was found that the Haldane model best fitted the relationship between the specific growth rate and the initial phenol concentration, whereas the phenol biodegradation profiles with time could be adequately described by the modified Gompertz model. The obtained parameters from the Haldane equation are: 1.05 h−1, 9.14 ppm, and 329 ppm for Haldane's maximum specific growth rate, the half-saturation coefficient, and the Haldane’s growth kinetics inhibition coefficient, respectively. The Haldane equation fitted the experimental data by minimizing the sum of squared error (SSR) to 1.36 X 10-3.