Mycobacteria are unusual in encoding two GroEL paralogs, GroEL1 and GroEL2. GroEL2 is essential--presumably providing the housekeeping chaperone functions--while groEL1 is nonessential, contains the attB site for phage Bxb1 integration, and encodes a putative chaperone with unusual structural features. Inactivation of the Mycobacterium smegmatis groEL1 gene by phage Bxb1 integration allows normal planktonic growth but prevents the formation of mature biofilms. GroEL1 modulates synthesis of mycolates--long-chain fatty acid components of the mycobacterial cell wall--specifically during biofilm formation and physically associates with KasA, a key component of the type II Fatty Acid Synthase involved in mycolic acid synthesis. Biofilm formation is associated with elevated synthesis of short-chain (C56-C68) fatty acids, and strains with altered mycolate profiles--including an InhA mutant resistant to the antituberculosis drug isoniazid and a strain overexpressing KasA--are defective in biofilm formation.

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The word "paddy" is derived from the Malay word padi, rice plant. Rice is the staple food of Asia and part of the pacific. Over 90 percent of the world's rice is produced and consumed in the Asia-pacific Region. With growing prosperity and urbanization, per capita rice consumption has started declining in the middle and high-income Asian countries like the republic of Korea and Japan. But, nearly one fourth of the Asian population is still poor and has considerable unmet demand for rice. It is in these countries where rice consumption may faster. The Asian is growing at 1.8 percent per year at present, and population my not stabilize before the middle of the nest century. This research article is based on the morphological, cytological parameters of paddy crop.