Prediction allows learners to adjust behavior toward the future by exploiting information pertaining to the present and the past. Through a field study, we examined whether poor performing students are truly unaware of not knowing their deficiencies as the illusion of knowing (IoK) phenomenon implies. College students’ ability to predict their final test performance was surveyed as a function of experience (before and after the test), performance level, and self-efficacy. In this study, high performers’ prospective and retrospective predictions were more accurate and confident than those of poor performers. Although poor performers overestimated their grades (as predicted by IoK), they were less confident in their predictions. Furthermore, both their prediction accuracy and confidence benefited from the experience of taking the test. These findings, coupled with the lower self-efficacy of poor performers, suggest that prediction errors involving inflated estimations reflect the wishful thinking exhibited by students who are aware of their lack of competence but may have little confidence in their abilities.

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Using a case study method, we examine how practitioners, including judges, arbitrators and community mediators, view dispute resolution in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The goal of this study is to assess whether traditional approaches to dispute resolution coexist with or are discarded for imported modes. Participants were selected through convenience sampling. Structured interviews involved (a) participants’ general theoretical foundations, (b) key principles that govern their professional role, (c) their views of different roles, and (d) the extent to which traditional modi operandi persist. The results highlight the dominance of principles and practices of Sharia law over common law. Although the use of formal Western procedures was reported in commercial disputes and rarely in family and tribal matters, implementation was undeniably shaped by religious and kin-based social habits and values.

The aim of this study is to clarify the extent of the influence of the separation principle of powers in the constitutional system of Saudi Arabia, as it is one of the main principles of democratic systems. Sharia law is the supreme system in Saudi Arabia which necessitates determining the stand of Sharia among this principle. The principle of separation of powers has not been defined in the governance system of the First Islamic State. Therefore, this study seeks to define it. The study on the Saudi constitutional system, the constitutional articles of the Basic System of Governance, the Saudi Cabinet system, and Shura Council system led to the conclusion that the Saudi constitutional system did not take the principle of separation of powers, but merely mentioned that the powers of the country are three and the judiciary is independent. This study showed the overlap between the executive and legislative powers, which means that the Shura Council cannot be considered an independent legislative power. The Islamic political system defines the principle of separation of powers in a different meaning as compared to its definition by contemporary political systems; this is due to the special nature of the Islamic political system. What is worth mentioning is that the Islamic system does not prevent applying the principle of separation of powers in their contemporary application; however, there are certain restrictions in Sharia when applying this principle. In light of the developments in the international community and the claims of rights, freedoms and democracy, Islamic societies and countries that take the Islamic law as a basis for their constitutional system cannot ignore these claims for much longer. Democracy is a western concept, which means it does not necessarily comply with the provisions of Sharia, and so, the importance to develop a concept which is consistent with the Sharia provisions of the Islamic states is increasing. However, what should also be taken into consideration is the social, economic and political developments and the demands of individuals.

The environment is the vital medium in which man lives, so it has become the focus of human societies' interest to provide a safe environment for individual living, and the rapid growth and expansion of human societies and the prosperity of industries that generate problems in the environment, including pollution. Hence, interest in the problem of environmental pollution began, which created mechanisms to protect the environment, and there became international and regional agreements in this regard, which created interest in the existence of legislative mechanisms regulating the protection of the environment and occupied a high position as the legal means that simplifies protection for the environment and is considered the legal reference in setting general policies to protect the environment from The danger of pollution and the protection of humans and the environment from its harmful effects. Since the administration is considered to have the largest and most important role in protecting the environment, with its general powers granted to it by legislation to preserve the environment and deter violators. This study came to show the means of administrative control in protecting the environment from types of pollution and was limited to the means of administrative control in protecting the environment from pollution.