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The Internet of Things (IoT) has experienced constant growth in the number of devices deployed and the range of applications in which such devices are used. They vary widely in size, computational power, capacity storage, and energy. The explosive growth and integration of IoT in different domains and areas of our daily lives has created an Internet of Vulnerabilities (IoV). In the rush to build and implement IoT devices, security and privacy have not been adequately addressed. IoT devices, many of which are highly constrained, are vulnerable to cyber attacks, which threaten the security and privacy of users and systems. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of IoT in regard to areas of application, security architecture frameworks, recent security and privacy issues in IoT, as well as a review of recent similar studies on IoT security and privacy. In addition, the paper presents a comprehensive taxonomy of attacks on IoT based on the three-layer architecture model; perception, network, and application layers, as well as a suggestion of the impact of these attacks on CIA objectives in representative devices, are presented. Moreover, the study proposes mitigations and countermeasures, taking a multi-faceted approach rather than a per layer approach. Open research areas are also covered to provide researchers with the most recent research urgent questions in regard to securing IoT ecosystem.

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To enhance the Quality of service (QoS) communications over mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), this paper proposes QoS-Aware Multipath Routing Protocol (QMRP). Delay is the most crucial factor for multimedia applications which can be minimized by providing more than one path between source-destination pair as well as choosing the path based on the quality in terms of reliability and stability of the link. To the best of our knowledge no one before included projected load; load introduced by the node requesting a path to a destination into the delay computation for a path between source-destination pair as well as maintaining loop freedom through the neighbor hop list of the source. The originality of the proposed protocol comes from the fact that it introduces this new parameter into route quality computation which makes QMRP unlike its precursors providing more accurate measure of the realistic delay as well as maintaining loop freedom of multiple node disjoint paths using neighbor hop list.

Cross layer communications between physical (PHY), MAC and routing layers interact to achieve QoS against the network and channel dynamics by minimizing delay and choosing more reliable and stable paths without requiring any additional resources. Performance evaluation of the proposed protocol against a single path AODV routing protocol using OPNET has been conducted. Results show that QMRP outperforms AODV in terms of E2E delay, packet delivery fraction (PDF) and route discovery frequency. However, routing overhead for QMRP is more than that of AODV due to the discovery of more one path in each route discovery process.