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The synthesis of nanoparticles by utilising plant extract has revolutionised the field of nanotechnology. In the present study, AgNPs were synthesised by utilising the leaves of as reducing and stabilising agent. UV-visible spectroscopy showed characteristic surface plasmon band in the range of 413-420 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) elucidated rectangular segments fused together. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of AgNPs and presence of metallic silver ions was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The different concentrations (10, 20, 30 and 40 ppm) of AgNPs were exogenously applied on to record the disease incidence at different day intervals. The disease intensity was progressively increased in all the applied treatments with the passage of time. The 30 ppm concentration of AgNPs was found to be most suitable concentration for creating the resistance against brown spot disease. Moreover, the effects of AgNPs were also assessed for biochemical profiling in . The enhanced production of endogenous enzymes and non-enzymatic components was observed in response to 30 ppm concentration of AgNPs. The present work highlighted that green synthesised AgNPs can be as used as biological control of citrus diseases and the enhanced production of secondary metabolites antioxidants.

Smoke produced from burning of plant material elicits a striking increase in seed germination in various plant species. In present work, effect of plant derived smoke exposure on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds germination and post germination response has been studied in laboratory. Plant derived smoke was generated by burning of plant material (leaf, straws etc.) in a special designed furnace. Non-imbibed and imbibed seeds of wheat were exposed to plant derived smoke for 1 hr time duration. Best results were observed in non-imbibed seeds treated with plant derived smoke while imbibed seeds showed poor response to germination percentage, germination index, seedling vigor index and root shoot length. It has been proved from present study that plant derived smoke has stimulatory effect on germination & post germination response of non-imbibed seeds while it may cause inhibitory effect in imbibed seeds of wheat.

A brief review is given of investigations on stress-induced alterations in the yield of different biochemical contents in wheat. Wheat is major cereal crop for fulfilling the calories demands of growing population. Alterations in the worldwide climate are predicted to have critical sentence for crop production. Abiotic stresses such as heat and drought are major abiotic stresses restraining crop production. Heat stress reduces wheat growth by upsetting various physiological and biochemical processes and the developmental stage of the plant is critical in demonstrating the vulnerability of various species and cultivars subjected to high temperature. Heat stress did not affect the protein content but there is strong correlation between leaf nitrogen content and grain protein content. Induction of HSPs seems to be the universal response and adaptation to temperature stress. The synthesis of HSPs is believed to play significant role either in preventing or minimizing the adverse effects of high temperature both at molecular and cellular levels. Wheat has the tendency to adopt diverse types of responses to temperature stress as well as a heat shock by developing thermo-tolerance for the enhancement of the grain quality and yield.