Objective: Investigation has been carried out about infuse of corn silk (Zea mays L.) concerning the solubility of kidney stone in vitro and the diuretic effect in vivo. Methods: The methodology of research conducted in the form of dissolving kidney stones in corn silk infuse with a concentration of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%, then incubated at 37°C for 4 h. The solubility of calcium is known by measuring the levels of early calcium and after incubated with kidney stones. Potassium (K) is a substance that can dissolve kidney stones in infuse and also measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The diuretic effect study used male rats which were divided into 7 groups that consisted of 1 positive control (treated with furosemide), 1 negative control treated with CMC Na 0.5 % and 5 groups treated with infuse of corn silk in 5 different concentration (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%).Results: Increase in calcium levels after incubation with kidney stone using corn silk infuse with various concentrations. The levels of Ca dissolved in the infuse of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%, respectively, were 2.2600 μg/ml, 5.5733 μg/ml, 7.9267 μg/ml, 10.9233 μg/ml, and 8.7667 μg/ml. It was found that the urine volume for 24 h was significant with 2%, 8%, and 10% corn silk infuse.Conclusion: Infuse of corn silk could decrease kidney stones, and it was diuretic. This research supported the aim of traditional corn silk decoction for the same intention.

Pengembangan inovasi bentuk sediaan farmasi yang dapat menunda pelepasan obat merupakan hal yang mempunyai peluang besar, misalnya bentuk sediaan farmasi dengan teknologi penyalutan. Contoh yang penting dari bentuk sediaan ini adalah sediaan mikroenkapsulasi dalam bentuk mikropartikel. Pemanfaatan limbah tongkol jagung yang mengandung hemiselulosa tinggi, dapat dibuat menjadi sediaan mikropartikel yang berfungsi sebagai (carier) obat, selama ini belum pernah dilakukan. Alasan lain pemanfaatan tongkol jagung masih sangat terbatas, pada umumnya hanya sebagai bahan pangan ternak dan bahan bakar. Sifat hemiselulosa yang non toksik mukoadhesif, biodegradabel, biokompatibel serta tingkat imunogenitas yang rendah juga adalah salah satu kriteria yang sangat baik dijadikan sebagai carier obat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membuat sediaan mikropartikel menggunakan metode gelasi ionik dengan variasi berat dari hemiselulosa tongkol jagung dengan model obat metronidazole dan untuk melihat evaluasi serta karakteristik mikropartikel hemiselulosa tongkol jagung. Mikropartikel hemiselulosa dibuat dengan metode gelasi ionik yang memiliki keuntungan yaitu karena prosesnya yang sederhana, tidak menggunakan pelarut organik, dan pembuatannya dapat dikontrol. Proses pembentukan partikel terjadi karena adanya kompleksasi akibat muatan yang berbeda antara polisakarida dan counter ion sehingga mengalami gelasi ionik dan presipitasi membentuk partikel yang sferis. Sediaan dibagi menjadi lima, formula dengan variasi hemiselulosa (F1)100mg, (F2)200mg, (F3)300mg, (F4)400mg dan (F5) 500mg. Evalusi terhadap mikropartikel hemiselulosa meliputi: organoleptik, uji kelarutan mikropartikel, uji distribusi ukuran partikel (Uji PSA), Uji SEM,dan uji FTIR. Mikropartikel yang terbentuk dengan metode gelasi ionik menunjukkan hasil organoleptis yaitu bentuk serbuk, warna coklat muda, tidak berasa, tidak berbau. Hasil uji kelarutan menuknjukkan bahwa hemiselulosa mudah larut dalam suasana alkali (NaOH 0,1N). Pengukuran mikropartikel dilakukan dengan PSA (Particle Size Analyzer) menunjukkan bahwa F(1) memiliki ukuran partikel yang terkecil yaitu :0,45336 µm, F(2):0,63593 µm, F(3):0,71732 µm, F(4):0,89322 µm dan F(5):0,91857 µm. Data FTIR menujukkan mikropartikel hemiselulosa memiliki gugus fungsi : OH, CH, C=O, C-OH, C-C, Sedangkan hasil SEM menunjukkan bahwa bentuk partikel yang diperoleh berupa partikel kecil yang berpori yang memberikan gambran tentang sifat alir dan pelepasan zat aktif yang baik dalam proses enkapsulasi. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa metode gelasi ionik merupkan metode yang baik dalam membuat mikropartikel dan hemiselulosa tongkol jagung dapat dibuat mikropartikel yang baik dan telah memenuhi evaluasi dan karakteristik yang standar dibandingkan dengan hemiselulosa yang ada dipasaran (buatan pabrik). Hasil SEM membuktikan bahwa ukuran partikel adalah mikropartikel yang memiliki pori sehingga baik digunakan sebagai sediaan mikroenkapsulasi.   The innovative development of pharmaceutical dosage forms that can control the drug release has a great opportunity, for example, pharmaceutical dosage forms with coating technology. An important example of this dosage form is microencapsulation in the form of microparticles. The use of corncob waste containing high hemicellulose can be made into microparticle with function as (carrier) drugs, so far it has never been done. Another reason is the utilization of corn cobs is still very limited, generally only as food for livestock and fuel. The properties of hemicellulose which are non-toxic mucoadhesive, biodegradable, biocompatible and low immunogenicity have also met the criteria to be developed as drug carriers. The research aimed to prepare microparticle using an ionic gelation method with a variation of the weight of the hemicellulose corn cobs with metronidazole as a drug model and to evaluate and characterize the hemicellulose corn cob microparticles. Hemicellulose microparticles which are made by ionic gelation method have several advantages, including the process is simple, does not use organic solvents, and can be controlled. The process of particle formation occurs because of the complexation due to the different charge between the polysaccharide and counter ion so that undergo ionic gelation and precipitation to form spherical particles. The preparation is divided into five formulas with variations in hemicellulose (F1) 100mg, (F2) 200mg, (F3) 300mg, (F4) 400mg and (F5) 500mg. The evaluation of hemicellulose microparticles includes organoleptic, microparticle solubility test, particle size distribution test (PSA test), SEM and FTIR examinations. Microparticles formed by ionic gelation method showed organoleptic characteristics, including powder form, light brown color, tasteless, odorless. The solubility test results showed that hemicellulose easily dissolved in an alkaline solution (0.1N NaOH). The measurement of microparticles carried out with PSA (Particle Size Analyzer) showed that F (1) had the smallest particle size, which was 0.45336 µm, F (2): 0.63593 µm, F (3): 0.71732 µm, F ( 4): 0.89322 µm and F (5): 0.91857 µm. FTIR data showed that the hemicellulose microparticles have functional groups: OH, CH, C = O, C-OH, CC, whereas SEM results showed that the particle shape obtained was a porous small particle which gave a description of  good flow properties and release of active substances in encapsulation process. The results obtained showed that the ionic gelation method was a good method for preparing microparticles and hemicellulose corn cobs which met the standard criteria of evaluation and characteristics compared to those in the market (factory-made). The SEM results proved that the particle size was microparticles that contain pores which can be used in microencapsulation preparations

Objective: Mean centering of ratio spectra (MCR) is analysis method for determination levels of mixture that has maximum wavelength is overlapping, and without preliminary separation. The purpose of this study is a determination of sulfamethoxazole (SLF) and trimethoprim (TRM) mixture by ultraviolet spectrophotometry with MCR.Methods: Absorption spectra of each drug were recorded and divided by the corresponding concentration of divisor, and the ratio spectra were then mean centered. SLF and t TRM concentrations were determined from calibration graphs by measuring at obtained maximum wavelengths 256 nm for SLF and 288 nm for TRM.Result: The result determination of SLF and TRM content in tablet S was 103.31±0.34% and 96.588±2.13%, respectively, result of validation method was fulfilled, percentage recovery for SLF was 101.24% and relative standard deviation (RSD) was 0.41%, and percentage recovery for TRM was 100.89% and RSD was 0.96%.Conclusion: The determination simultaneous by ultraviolet spectrophotometry of MCR was found to be accurate, precise, simple, and rapid method and can be used for SLF and TRM mixture.

Objective: Mean centering of ratio spectra method (MCR method) is one of the simplest methods for the determination of drug mixtures. The purpose of this research is to determine the content of theophylline (THEO) and ephedrine HCl (EPH) in tablets by MCR spectra method. Methods:This research was conducted with the MCR method. It was measured at 271 nm for THEO and 257 nm for EPH using 0.1 N HCL as a solution. The calculation was conducted with Matlab application. The analytical characteristics of the method are detection limit, accuracy, precision, and selectivity. Standard addition method was used to increase the concentration of EPH in the sample until it reached the range of calibration concentration. Result:The research has showed that validations for THEO were 100.57% for accuracy, 0.68% for relative standard deviation (RSD), 0.46 μg/mL for limit of detection (LOD), and 1.52 μg/mL for limit of quantification (LOQ). Meanwhile, the validations for EPH are 100.02% for accuracy, 0.07% for RSD, 43.12 μg/mL for LOD, and 143.72 μg/mL for LOQ. The level of THEO is 97.43 ± 0.17% and the level of EPH is 101.36 ± 0.25% for brand one's tablet. Meanwhile, brand two's tablet contains 98.72 ± 0.14% of THEO and 103.62 ± 0.23% of EPH. Conclusion:MCR ultraviolet spectrophotometric method can be used to determine the content of THEO and EPH in tablets and meets the detection limit, accuracy, precision, and selectivity.

Objective: This study aimed to develop spectrophotometry method by double divisor ratio spectra derivative to determine the levels of guaifenesin (GUA), dextromethorphan hydrobromide (DMP), and diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPH) in tablet dosage form using ethanol as solvent.Methods: The method is based on the use of the coincident spectra of the derivative of the ratio spectra obtained using a double divisor (sum of two spectra) and measuring at either the maximum or minimum wavelengths. Then, the method was applied to determine the levels of GUA, DMP, and DPH in tablet dosage form.Results: The application of double divisor ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry method for the determination of GUA, DMP, and DPH was performed on the first derivative at Δλ 2 (λ 280.0 nm, λ 286.1 nm, and 260.2 nm, respectively). The selection of wavelengths based on wavelengths gives the best result. The mean % recoveries were found to be in 100.60%, 99.95%, and 101.74% for GUA, DMP, and DPH, respectively.Conclusion: The method is successfully applied to analyze GUA, DMP, and DPH in pharmaceutical formulation with no interference from excipients as indicated by the recovery study. All validation parameters were within the acceptable range.