Apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100) provides a good assessment of atherogenic lipoproteins (very low, intermediate, and low-density lipoproteins (VLDL, IDL, and LDL)). There is evidence that polymorphism of ApoB100 was observed in many conditions and it links with obesity, diabetes mellitus hypertension, and chronic inflammation, which could be related to the broad field of the atherothrombotic process, and could be one of the leading causes of coronary artery disease (CAD). It can be computed using a formula that makes use of a measurement of non-high-density lipoprotein levels. This study aimed to derive an estimated equation of ApoB100 from the measured ApoB100 levels specific to the healthy subjects of Kurd race/ethnicity in the Kurdistan region of Iraq taking into consideration the gender-based effect and the status of fasting and postprandial effects. A total number of 45 healthy subjects (23 males and 22 females) were enrolled in the study. The following measurements were achieved: anthropometric indices, blood pressure, lipid profile, including ApoB100, and blood sugar. The biochemical measurements were carried out at fasting and postprandial states. Specific equations were derived for calculating the levels of ApoB100. Significant differences in the anthropometric indices, blood pressure, and lipid profile were observed between males and females. The calculated ApoB100 levels were significantly less than the measured ApoB100 levels in both genders and fasting and postprandial states. The estimated equations for ApoB100 for females have differed from that for males at fasting and postprandial states. The levels of ApoB100 can be determined instead of measuring it in the laboratory by using a specific equation for healthy Kurd people. These equations are gender and race/ethnicity based. The established equation of estimated ApoB100 levels in males differed from that in females which is attributed to the cardio-metabolic factors and higher levels of systolic and mean arterial blood pressures among males. Apo B level is a quantitative index of plasma atherogenic lipids in hypertensive patients who presented with dyslipidemia.

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The present study was conducted to evaluate the correlations between vitamin D, amylin, c-peptide, insulin, and HbA1c and determine the effects of vitamin D supplementation on the level of these biomarkers in type-2 diabetic patients with vitamin D deficiency. A total of 87 Kurdish type-2 diabetic patients participated in this clinical trial in which biomarkers, including vitamin D (25 hydroxy cholecalciferol), serum amylin, c-peptide, insulin, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, HDLc, LDLc, total cholesterol, triglycerides, weight, height, waist circumference, and inflammation markers (i.e. IL6, TNF-α, and hs-CRP) were measured. Serum levels of vitamin D were positively correlated with serum Amylin, c-peptide, insulin, and HDL, while it had negative correlations with HbA1c, fasting blood sugar, IL6, TNF-α, hs-CRP, LDL, and triglycerides. After 14 weeks of supplementation with vitamin D (5000 IU/day) there were significant increases in plasma amylin, c-peptide, and insulin concentrations; but the levels of HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, TNF-α, hs-CRP, and IL6 were significantly decreased. It can be concluded that vitamin D supplementation can potentially regulate blood glucose by activating the secretory function of pancreatic B-cells and reducing insulin resistance through a significant reduction in a circulatory level of inflammatory markers.