Purpose To tap into the global market, it is important to evaluate and predict the trends of the acceptance of non-Muslims towards halal food products. This review paper aimed to evaluate the evidence relating to the potential barriers to the acceptance of halal food among non-Muslim consumers. Design/methodology/approach The authors searched ScienceDirect, Scopus, Emerald and JSTOR databases. The search for the studies was performed without restrictions by using the terms “Non-Muslim” OR “Jews” OR “Christian” OR “Hindu” OR “Buddha” AND “halal” OR “halalan toyyiban” OR “sharia compliance” AND “food” OR “dietary” AND “perception” OR “opinion” OR “attitude” OR “barrier”. Quantitative studies were included, and the quality of the studies was assessed with the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool. Findings Two themes were identified to be the potential barriers in the acceptance of halal food among non-Muslim consumers. There were two major factors: weak intention (negative attitude, perceived low behavioural control and perceived low subjective norms) and lack of food safety awareness, whereas the minor factors were as follows: perceived low food quality, halal logo/brand, lack of halal awareness, religious belief, animal welfare, consumer motive, low confidence level, lack of proper marketing/promotion, bad cognitive dissonance, bad food assurance and poor product judgement. Practical implications By realising these potential barriers, it will benefit many parties including stakeholders and the food industry to improve their strategy to expand the halal market, especially for non-Muslims. Originality/value Based on the findings, the authors believe that while research towards halal needs to continue and improve its basis in theory and design, researchers and food marketers can be confident that intention of purchasing halal food products can be increased by securing the aspect of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control as well as food safety awareness. Based on the identification of these potential barriers, this review hopes to further explain effective methods of communication for conveying halal concept in different parts of the countries.

The approaching of megatrend 2050, challenges have emerged in the food sector and it is predicted that main issues would be the shortage of food supply and food contamination. In parallel to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), that by 2050, with the increasing human population, the food supply would be affected as the sources are inadequate to cater. This crisis requires a comprehensive solution -necessitate a better food security policy, food safety and food defence. In other words, a focused policy that deals with safe food ecosystem must be implemented and strengthen by relevant authorities. In the Malaysian context, the National Safety Policy (2017) outlined the security assurance for the nation's food supply under Strategy 17. However, the focus of the policy is only on the preparedness of rice commodity that needs to be adequate, whereas, newer threats is making their way beyond that scope. Therefore, this review will discuss the potential of food terrorism, its concept and implication within the halal ecosystem. To achieve this objective, this study is qualitatively carried out by utilizing fully library research relating to food terrorism. The data is being analysed to conclude the findings. Based on the study, we found that food terrorism is indeed a real threat jeopardizing consumer safety, and moreover, causing negative implications towards the local, regional and global halal ecosystem. Therefore, proactive measures needed to be taken to ensure the security of food and this aligned with the objective of sharia to preserve human's life by having adequate, nutritious, halal and safe food.Recently, the cases of chemical contamination of

The selection of food premises is an important practice that requires attention of Muslims. The emerging new trend of dietary culture has become one of the challenges for contemporary Muslims in ensuring halalan tayyiban aspect. Therefore, the selection criteria of food premises is crucial for Muslims, and this can be done through a concept known as wara’ (abstinence). This study is carried out to highlight the wara’ aspect within the selection criteria as well as in the decision-making process. This is because wara’ plays an important role when dealing with doubtful elements (syubhah). This research wholly utilized library research to obtain data and data was analysed qualitatively by using content analysis method. Based on findings, there are several forms of syubhah that can affect the halalan tayyiban status. Therefore, this study proposes a decision-making framework based on wara’ and syubhah.

The pandemic of COVID-19 has stricken the world economy significantly since its first outbreak. This also affected the Malaysian economy where many businesses have halted their operation due to the outbreak as well as movement restriction order (MCO) issued by the government. Nevertheless, the condition in Malaysia is seemingly improved since the vaccination programme set by the government has reached a 78.9% vaccination rate of the total population by the first quarter of the year 2022. Currently, the Malaysian government has now in the transition from the pandemic phase to endemic phase and relaxed the imposition of restrictions that were previously enforced. This allows business operation to regain their grip in the post COVID-19 era. Despite the fragility of the supply chain particularly within the halal ecosystem, a vital aspect that is almost neglected is the encroaching food crime incidents, and the food defence approach which encompasses the protection of food supply chain against intentional contamination is still on high alert. The incidence of meat cartel in late 2020 has warned that food crime is not seizing nor hindered its operation. Therefore, a robust approach needs to be addressed to defend the food supply chain, and more importantly the halal ecosystem. Therefore, this study is carried out to examine the future direction of food defence in the post COVID-19 era in Malaysia. This study utilizes library research to collect the data by using online databases such as Google Scholar, Emerald, Science Direct and SCOPUS. This study also presents strategies for reinforcing the integrity of the food supply chain against the threat of intentional contamination from the perspective of the halal ecosystem.

Khulasah (raf' al-haraj). It is granted by Allah SWT, to provide easiness and concession when there are hardship and difficulty arise by a mukallaf in performing their devotion. One of the difficult condition in which mankind given exception is known as 'umūm al-balwā (widespread hardship). This study is being carried out to view the concept of 'umūm al-balwā within the taṣawwuf perspective in order to uncover the wisdom underlining them. To relate with taṣawwuf, 'umūm al-balwā will be observed and compared with the concept of concession (rukhṣah) in fiqh and abstinence (wara') in taṣawwuf perspective. For this study, the issue of 'umūm al-balwā in term of ḥalālan ṭayyiban food is being studied. This study utilized fully literature and textual analysis to gain the data as well as analysing the data. This study finds that the concept of 'umūm al-balwā is relatable with taṣawwuf through the concept of warā'. By understanding this relationship, it became a precious reflection for Muslim to practice their obedience and religious duties towards Allah better.