The increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance is a public health concern, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to be resistant to a variety of antibiotics. Antimicrobial resistance and the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of P. aeruginosa from environmental and clinical sources were studied in the current study. A total of 170 samples were evaluated, with 85 samples each from environmental sources and clinical settings. The isolates were subjected to microbial analysis and antimicrobial sensitivity testing. The findings revealed that 45.88 % (39) of the 85 clinical isolates tested for the presence of P. aeruginosa were positive. In terms of prevalence, there were significant variations (p 0.05) between the clinical samples. Wound samples had the highest isolation rate of 28.2%, while urine samples had the lowest (12.8%). P. aeruginosa was found in 38.8 % (33/85) of the samples isolated from environmental sources. In terms of prevalence, there was a highly significant difference (p 0.01) between the isolates. All of the positive isolates were completely resistant to cefuroxime and amoxicillin (100 %). The majority were also resistant to, cotrimoxazole (82%), nalidixic acid (82%), ciprofloxacin (86%), and tobramycin (69%). There was a substantial variation in the resistance patterns of isolates. The current study demand comprehensive measure to combat antimicrobial resistance in P. aeruginosa.

Rapid urbanization has increased human-animal interaction and consequently enhanced the chances to acquire zoonotic diseases. The current investigation is focused to uncover the genetic diversity of multidrug-resistant E. coli strains between different ecologies (i.e., humans, livestock, and environment) at the molecular level by employing antimicrobial resistance profiling, virulence genes profiling, and microbial typing approach using ERIC PCR. Based on multiple antibiotic resistance, overall, 19 antibiotic resistance patterns (R1–R19) were observed. Most of the strains (49/60) were detected to have the combinations of stx, eaeA, and hlyA genes and considered STEC/EPEC/EHEC. A total of 18 unique genetic profiles were identified based on ERIC-PCR fingerprints and most of the strains (13) belong to P1 whereas the least number of strains were showing profiles P7 and P8-P11 (one member each profile). The calculated values for Shannon index (H) for human, animal, and environment are 1.70, 1.82, and 1.78, respectively revealing the highest genetic diversity among the E. coli strains of animal origin. The study revealed that drug-resistant pathogenic E. coli strains could be transmitted bidirectionally among the environment, humans, and animals.

Bacterial infections are considered a significant challenge in patients with cirrhosis. They account for 25%–46% of hospitalizations in patients with cirrhosis due to significant decompensation processes and are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Objective: To determine the prevalence of SBP in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites. Methods: According to the inclusion criteria, 199 patients with cirrhosis and ascites were included in the study, regardless of the cause of cirrhosis (alcohol, HCV, HBV, autoimmune, cryptogenic, etc.). SBP frequency in cirrhotic with ascites was documented using a proforma. All data was entered into a proforma template. All patients were treated with respect to evaluate the prevalence of SBP in cirrhosis with ascites patients. The study was conducted at the Department of Medicine at Gujranwala Medical College-District Headquarters Hospital in Gujranwala. Total duration of study was six months. Results: In terms of patient age distribution, 49 patients (24.6%) were between the ages of 30 and 45, 150 patients (75.4%) were between the ages of 46 and 60. The cohort's patients had an average age of 51.21± 6.61. 42.7% of the population (n = 85) was female, while 57.3% (n = 114) was male. SBP frequency was 32.2% in cirrhosis with ascites individuals. Conclusions: We concluded that 32.2% of participants with cirrhosis with ascites also had SBP. The mortality rate in these patients will be decreased by early diagnosis and treatment. Any patient with cirrhosis and ascites should have SBP ruled out.