A nation's economic success is largely dependent on the performance of their banks as they play a major role in regulating its financial sector to stability and cohesion by acting as an intermediary to various parties such as individuals, organizations and governments to conduct their borrowing and depositing activities. In Pakistan, a larger percentage of the population is employing conventional banks compared to Islamic banks due to factors such as unfamiliarity of products and services and inadequate marketing. This study examines the impact of Islamic financial literacy, subjective norms, risk perception and perceived behavioral control on adoption of Islamic banking in Pakistan. A quantitative research approach is employed in this research following the positivist assumption with a realist ontology and objectivist epistemology. Data was collected using a convenient sampling method. The data collection was carried out from online survey Google forms through survey from 311 individuals. The data has been analyzed by using Partial Lease Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique. The result of the study reveals that behavioral, normative and IFL are significant determinants of adoption of Islamic banking in Pakistan. It has been found that behavioral beliefs are very important for Islamic banking adoption. As an implication, focusing on

Individual financial well-being is recognized as a major concern for the general welfare and social welfare of society. In this context, it is very important to understand how people can ensure good financial well-being. This article aims to explore the effects of financial literacy, risk tolerance, and risk perception on the financial well-being of individuals, with an emphasis on behavioral investment interventions. Quantitative research methods are used to measure the factors that affect financial well-being. A questionnaire was developed on Google Forms to collect data from people who have bank accounts. The sample of 318 Pakistanis supports the proposed hypothesis. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to evaluate the results. The results show that risk tolerance, risk perception and financial literacy influence people's investment behavior and ultimately their financial well-being. Individual financial behavior needs to be improved. In this context, there is an urgent need for financial education programs in the education system and centers of employment, behavioral development and financial literacy. Future research on this topic could benefit from collecting longitudinal data which could provide more relevant information for Pakistanis seeking to achieve better financial well-being. All measures used are reported separately and individually, measuring the risk that respondents will misinterpret questions and even interpret their behavior.

Introduction: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery remains the most common procedure in adult cardiac surgery for coronary artery disease. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to find the infection in open vs endoscopic saphenous vein harvest for patients undergoing CABG surgery. Material and method: This comparative analysis was conducted at Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology, Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology, Rawalpindi and Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad from October 2019 to 2021. The data was collected with the permission of the ethical committee of hospital. The data was collected with the permission of the ethical committee of the hospital. Patients undergoing CABG or combined valve/CABG with EVH and OVH were differentiated from each other in the MHCCSR as of the start of the study period. The OVH was performed by either a continuous, longitudinal incision or through multiple smaller incisions. Results: The data were collected from 122 patients, from these 22 patients were not extubated and none of them survived. The most common indication for surgery was myocardial revascularization (30.6%), followed by valve replacement (22.7%) and thoracic aortic aneurysm repair. Practical implication: EVH is now considered not to be the best method in CABG surgery. Conclusion: It is concluded that, patients undergoing CABG surgery with EVH presented with worse systolic function and more recent myocardial infarction. Keywords: CABG, Procedure, EVH, Systolic, Myocardial infarction, Endoscopic

Introduction: Treatment for coronary artery disease (CAD) includes medical therapy, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to find the comparison of MIDCAB vs open off-pump procedure CABG for single vessel coronary disease. Material and methods: This comparative analysis was conducted at Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology, Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology, Rawalpindi and Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad from October 2019 to 2021. Informed consent was taken from all the patients before collecting the data. Patients in the MIDCAB group received sub-station hybridization to treat the diseased vessels except the left anterior descending (LAD). Patients in the OPCAB group were placed in the supine position, and combined intravenous inhalational anaesthesia was given; then, single-lumen endotracheal intubation was performed through the median incision. Results: The data were collected from 100 coronary artery disease patients. The mean age of the study patients was 54.4±10.6 years. Cigarette smoking was much more common in men than in women (32.6% vs. 0, p<0.001). The serum levels of creatinine, uric acid, and cTAS were significantly higher in men than in women (0.9±0.2 vs. 0.7±0.1, 7.6±2.1 vs. 6.8±2.3, and.0.4±0.0 vs. 0.3±0.1, respectively; p<0.001). Conclusion: It is concluded that MIDCAB procedures can be performed with similar safety as OPCAB procedures. Postoperative outcomes in terms of mortality were satisfactory, rendering this procedure at least as safe as the option of OPCAB. Practical implications: MIDCAB is considered to be the safe procedure and we may practically use this method. Key words: MIDCAB, OPCAB, Mortality, Coronary Artery Diseases, Procedures

This study examined the level of psychological factors (overconfidence) that affect investor decision-making processes. The main purpose of the current study is to explore the impact of psychological factors on investor decision-making. To achieve this goal, this study used measurement and design of a separate study. Research Survey has been used to collect data. Questionnaires are still being distributed to individual investors and stockholders in Pakistan. Smart PLS-SEM 3 was used for data analysis. It has been found that overconfidence has a major impact on investor investment decisions. In addition, it is investigated that religiosity has a significant and positive impact on investors’ investment decisions. Moreover, it is also found that overconfidence has a positive and significant impact on investors’ decisions with the moderating role of religiosity. In particular, the current study participated in investigating the moderating impact between overconfidence bias and decision-making by investors. The findings of the present study may be very important in gaining a better understanding of investor behavior and may apply to academics and practitioners.