Introduction: Due to increase in prevalence of tuberculosis worldwide, first line anti-tuberculosis drugs are widely utilized. Ethambutol is one of the first line anti-tuberculosis drug. Ocular side effects are frequently reported due to it. Visual functions i.e. visual acuity, color vision; contrast sensitivity and visual fields get disturbed. Blue-yellow color vision defects are detected at first and are thought to be the first symptom of Ethambutol toxicity. Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out at outdoor patient department of Tuberculosis, Allied Hospital Faisalabad to study the frequency of Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and color vision defects in Tuberculosis patients due to ethambutol. Age limit of patients was 15-45 year. Sample of 120 subjects was taken by convenient sampling method. Proper informed consent was taken from all subjects under study. After taking appropriate history, clinical examination was performed. Log Mar chart for visual acuity, Pelli robsin for contrast sensitivity and Fransworth Munsell D-15 for color vision testing was used. Subject responses were recorded on proforma. Data was analyzed by utilizing SPSS programming software. Results: Descriptive statistics of Mean visual acuity recorded was 1.3 and standard deviation was ±0.46. Mean contrast sensitivity was 1.84 and standard deviation was ±0.44. Mean value of color vision was 1.60 and standard deviation was ±0.492. Overall, the results have found that 36 (30%) patients had impaired visual acuity while in 84 (70%) patients visual acuity was not impaired. 23 patients had normal contrast sensitivity (19.2%), 93 patients had moderate impairment (77.5%) and 4 patients had severe impairment of contrast sensitivity (3.3%). Color vision defects were recorded in 72 (60%) patients whereas 48(40%) patients had normal color vision. Out of 120 patients, 50 (41.7%) had no color vision defect, 19 (15.8%) of them had proton defect, 10 (8.3%) were of Deutan and 41 (34.2%) had Tritan defect. In Chi-square test statistic of Duration of Ethambutol and Visual acuity results are found significant at the level of 0.001. Results of duration of Ethambutol and Contrast sensitivity are significant at the level of 0.001. In relation of duration of Ethambutol and color vision the results are found significant at the level of 0.05. Conclusion: This study suggests that patients on Anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT) must be monitored regularly and the drug should be stopped immediately when any visual function defect is detected.

Aim: Newborn babies who are released from the hospital at a younger postnatal age are more likely to be hospitalized to the nursery due to neonatal jaundice. This readmission is undoubtedly a significant source of strain in the nurseries, but it may be addressed by adequate assessment prior dismissing the newborn. The purpose of this study was to see if there was a link among cord blood bilirubin and vein bilirubin on the third day of life. Methods: On 120 healthy term newborns, a cross-sectional description research was conducted. Blood was drawn from the child's cord right after birth, whether vaginally or through caesarean surgery, for total serum bilirubin, unconjugated serum bilirubin levels, and conjugated serum bilirubin levels. On the third day (72 hours), a second serum blood sample is obtained from peripheral venous blood, and total serum bilirubin, unconjugated serum bilirubin, and conjugated serum bilirubin levels are measured again. The research was carried out over a one-year period, from March 2020 to February 2021. Results: The babies were divided into two groups: those with hyperbilirubinemia and those without. The findings acquired from aggregate and stratified samples demonstrate a significant association 0.542 and P-value 0.001 among serum cord blood bilirubin and peripheral venous blood bilirubin. Conclusion: There is a link among elevated bilirubin levels in normal infants born and serum cord blood bilirubin levels. The increase in serum cord blood bilirubin levels correlates with both the increase in peripheral venous blood bilirubin on the third day of life.

Objective: Patients with heart failure may benefit from vitamin D treatment, according to new research (Congestive Heart Failure). Methods: In our current nonrandomized clinical research, 43 individuals with dilated cardiomyopathy who did not exhibit substantial gains in physical functioning with optimum heart failure therapy were included. Twelve weeks of weekly vitamin D supplements (200,000 IU) were added to the heart failure therapy to help improve the patient's condition. On the other hand, researchers looked at how it affected the 6-minute walk distance and pro-BNP levels. To analyses the data, we utilized SPSS version 19. Accordingly, we utilized random samples t-tests to assess the substantial role of vitamin D supplementation on pre-intervention vitamin D level, 6-minute walk distance, and pro-BNP level, respectively. Significance was defined as an alpha value less than 0.01. Results: Individuals in NYHA class II (66%) were the majority, while those in NYHA classes I, III and IV were represented by 18%, 8% and 5%, accordingly. Following 14 weeks of vitamin D treatment, the group's mean vitamin D level was increased from 17.596.57ng/ml at baseline to 32.974.65ng/ml (p0.0006). Pre-intervention mean distance travelled was 806382ft, however after the intervention it rose to 945392ft (p-value 0.07). While before the intervention, the mean per-BNP level of research participant was 1025-636, and after intervention, it had enhanced to 160-80--a statistically significant improvement (p=0.005). Conclusion: According to a decline in blood pro-BNP characterized by an increase in six-minute walk distance, vitamin D administration decreases the intensity of heart failure.