No abstract

This paper employs spectral analysis to detect regular cyclical patterns or periodicities of local climate parameters of five major cities of Pakistan. Our calculations show that the temperature of all major climate stations may be affected by ENSO or QBO or Sunspot Cycles. As for the rainfall, what we find is that Pakistan summer monsoon exhibits a fairly similar bienniality with that of the Indian monsoon.

In this study, we introduce a recent approach to implement the wavelet analysis of ionospheric parameters and anomaly detection during ionospheric irregularities over Pakistan. The most important aspect of the wavelet analysis is the timefrequency distribution representation of the signal. This study investigates the variability of ionospheric F2 layer and utilizes critical frequency (foF2) of F2 layer during the year 2008–2017 in Pakistan region. The results of this study identify the most important bands of low frequency variations, which are very relevant for study of periodicities measurements of F2 layer. Moreover, Morlet wavelet has revealed that generally the global wavelet power spectrum (GWPS) is the most prominent in the annual cycles. The multifaceted interactions of ionospheric fluctuations with different time scales, e.g. annual, biannual, become significant due to higher peaks appear during the periods 128–256, 256–512 and 512–1024 days in daily data sets. The wavelet trend revales a noticeablel power range between the 2–16 day bands, representing an annual fluctuation for daily observations of F2 layer. The low deviation in a frequency range highlights the existence of seasonality in the F2 layer during the study period. These results emphasize that foF2 observations exhibit irregular distrabances with non-stationary power at different frequencies. The study will be helpful for stakeholders and government authorities because high frequency sky-waves users schedule their programs one month in advance, but they also need day by day information about the ionospheric conditions in order to revise programs.

This paper presents an analysis of cosmic ray intensity in Pakistan air space using spatial interpolation, comparing it with Chinese cosmic ray records from 1984 to 1993. The Exploratory Data Analytic (EDA) approach was applied to compare the cosmic ray fluctuations in both countries. The time series plot of the monthly cosmic rays showed relatively flatter counts in Pakistan than in China. The cosmic ray data for the years 1984 to 1993 fell within Solar Cycle 22, which lasted from 1986 to 1996, with its maximum phase in 1989 to 1991. The cosmic radiation varies between the atmospheric regions of Pakistan and China due to modulations in intensity that are accessible accordingly. It can be explained by purely astrophysical phenomena: (1) the source of emission of cosmic radiation may be different, (2) the rate at which emanation takes place depends on bursts of deep space dynamical objects from their sources that may be affected by solar wind and other solar radiations. Therefore, modulations in intensity are not only due to different geophysical locations. This study will help government organizations to predict and forecast cosmic rays values.

European Space Agency (ESA), the World over Scientific organization, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and WOrld Meteorological Organization are deeply concerned with the dis-balances caused to a significant extent due to human interference in the natural make-up of earth's ecosystem. In particular, the ozone layer depletion (OLD) over the South Pole is already a serious hazard. The principal long-term effect of OLD appears to be an increase in the UV radiation reaching the earth. In our earlier findings on OLD have been reported and the effects could be observed using the data obtained from a ground based instrument known as Dobson Spectrophotometer installed at GC Quetta Pakistan. We have also computed UV flux reaching Arabian Sea due to the OLD. Then we have presented correlation structures of the population dynamics of marine organisms (fish yield and others) with the intensity of UV flux. The results are compared with the data acquired from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Nimbus -7.