The concept of defense in depth is the mainstay of nuclear energy technology to overcome potential environmental disasters from its power plants. The engineering approach dominates this concept, thus placing the environment as a receiving factor for the success or failure of the approach. The question of the reasons for this situation arises together with the question of how environmental approaches can play a role in the concept. An ethnographic study on the development and application of this concept was carried out through a content analysis of the literature. The results of the study indicate that there is an assumption that the prevention of environmental radioactive disasters will be achieved by reducing the frequency of severe accidents, the environment will be protected if humans are safe and there is not enough environmental and pollution approach to be applied to the concept. This study recommends the need for further studies on the capacity of the environment to accept radioactive contaminants and measures the suitability of nuclear power plants with their environment.

India and Pakistan are one of those countries that sought to possess nuclear weapons in order to be a deterrent factor and achieve the desired balance required from their hearts. Pakistan and neighboring rival India detonated nuclear explosions just days apart in May 1998. Since then, the two South Asian countries have been developing the fastest growing stockpiles of nuclear warheads and missile launch systems. Retired Indian Navy Admiral Arun Prakash noted, “India and Pakistan are perilously close to the point of ever-growing nuclear arsenals. This could turn into an unreasonable race driven by mutual suspicion rather than the actual needs of deterrence and maintenance of stability.” . Notably, in recent years, the two countries have already tested a wide range of ballistic missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads, including tactical systems. At the same time, India adopts a policy (not to pre-empt the use of nuclear weapons) at a time when Pakistan was more showcasing its nuclear power. Therefore, we will study in this research the impact of the Indian-Pakistani nuclear armament on the security of South Asia

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Environmental protection is a big issue of NPP technology. Approaches so far have not conducted adequate assessments for severe accidents. Efforts to correct this deficiency are carried out by utilizing the phenomenon of the Fukushima Daiichi NPP accident that has been documented. Relevant aspects were selected to be contributed to the NPP EIA thereby increasing coverage to severe accidents. Content analysis of accident reports and supporting information from international nuclear institutions as well as expert opinion was carried out. The analysis provides results in the form of eight aspects that are suitable to be contributed to the NPP EIA. The correlation between nuclear power generation capacity and environmental radioactive contamination from its accidents and recovery needs is a knowledge challenge that is still being faced. The idea of making the impact of a nuclear power plant accident easy to recover has the potential to be a direction for the development of knowledge and engineering.

Removal of Au(III) on a purified bagasse ash (BA) has been examined. The purified BA adsorbent was prepared through purification of a crude BA obtained from Madukismo sugarcane industry, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, using a mixed solution of HCl 0.1 M and HF 0.3 M and followed by HNO3 3 M. The HCl-HF-HNO3 purified BA contained quartz with silanol (Si-OH) and siloxane (Si-O-Si) functional groups and aromatic component. Removal of Au(III) on the HCl-HF-HNO3 purified BA was maximum at pH 4.2 with siloxane and silanol functional groups, but not aromatic component, took important role on the removal. At this optimum pH, the removal of Au(III) on the HCl-HF-HNO3 purified BA fitter to the second order removal kinetics model than the pseudo-first and pseudo-second order kinetics models indicating that adsorption was not the only mechanism for the Au(III) removal. The second order removal rate constants (k2) of Au(III) by HCl-HF-HNO3 purified BA was 3.32 x 102 L/mol min. In fact, reduction of Au(III) to Au metal also occurred as an addition to adsorption for the removal of Au(III) from aqueous solution.