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Objectives/Background : With decreased patient downtime and reduction in health expenditures, endovascular treatments have become popular for the treatment of venous insufficiency. In this study, we assessed the outcomes of using radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and sclerotherapy for refluxing veins and incompetent perforators in a developing country. Materials and Methods : Subjects were selected from an ongoing registry from October 15, 2015 to April 5, 2018. Patients were followed up until 6 months. Pre- and post-procedural Clinical, Etiologic, Anatomic, and Pathophysiologic (CEAP) scores were compared, and complications were documented and treated accordingly. Results: In total, 102 limbs (n=97) with 76 great saphenous veins (GSVs) and 26 small saphenous veins (SSVs) underwent RFA, with 79% undergoing concomitant sclerotherapy. Mean follow-up time was 188 days (±33.16). Moreover, 59% were males and 41% females. At the end of follow-up, 99% of the legs had complete occlusion. Pre- and post-procedural CEAP scores were 4.21±1.5 and 3.36±1.7, respectively (p-value <0.001). Endovenous heat-induced thrombosis (EHIT) types 1, 2, 3, and 4 were found in 8.8%, 3.9%, 1.9%, and 0% of the legs, respectively. Most common complications were pain and tenderness (51%), bruising (18%), and paresthesia (7%). Conclusion : RFA and sclerotherapy have proved to be safe and efficacious. Computed tomography (CT) venous mapping aids in delineating complex venous anatomy and in ruling out deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in cases with discrepancy on Doppler ultrasound. Strict compliance of procedural and post-procedural protocol can assure promising results and futuristic value.

Soil moisture (SM) varies greatly in the soil profile. We developed a low-cost sensor for SM monitoring at three vertical depths. The sensor function was based on dielectric theory to monitor SM. Three linear calibration models were established using different soils. The sensor for each depth showed acceptable statistics of validations. The linear fit coefficient of determination (R²) ranged from 0.95 to 0.99. Root mean square error (RMSE) ranged from 1.35 to 4.30. The sensor performed consistently for at least 4 months, and is suitable for continuous monitoring of in situ SM and irrigation scheduling.