Rodents (Order Rodentia) are one of the most speciose and diversified groups of the terrestrial mammals with several beneficial roles in the nature. They constitute 2277 known species which make 42% of total mammal fauna. They are reported to inhabit in all continents except Antarctica and several small islands. They perform several beneficial roles in the environment like soil aeration and mixing, insect control, spore and seed dispersal, succession of vegetation, pollination, nutrient cycling, and source of food for numerous predatory animals. Despite of several beneficial roles, rodents are also source of zoonotic pathogens. Rodents are important reservoirs of evolving zoonotic diseases because they come into close contact with livestock in the agricultural background and humans in urban zones. Almost 10% of rodent population is either carrier or reservoir of zoonotic pathogens of public health significance. Due to rapid development of agricultural and industrial change throughout the globe, has led to significant increase in zoonotic borne disease of rodents. Rodents transfer pathogenic agents to human through direct contact, and animals or via contamination of human food, water with rodents’ stool, or through urine. Arthropod vectors on skin of several rodents are also able to carry zoonotic pathogens. Several factors regulate human rodent pathogen transmission like rodent population handling, human socio-economic life style, and even war. Human activities such as animal trade, migration, urbanization, and large-scale travelling are facilitating factors in the rodent-pathogens transfer. This chapter will help in understand the role of rodents in human zoonotic transmission and way forward for their control preventive measures.

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Panadol is a remarkable pain and fever reducing non opioid drug. It is known to be completely safe and tolerant medicine throughout the globe among people of all age groups. The goal of this study was to elaborate the histopathological effects of reduced interrupted regime of panadol on spleen and kidney functions of mice (Mus musculus). The animals were categorized into four groups, the control group (C), and rest of the three were labeled as 1, 2 and 3, made on the basis of time interval of pandol administration via gavage (n=7). Matched volume of panadol (15000 µg/0.1ml) and normal saline was given to mice.  Tissue samples were collected after sacrifice of the mice and processed for assessment. The findings of the current study reflected the histopathological damage of kidney and spleen caused by panadol in reduced interval of time. The kidney section illustrated clear distortion in glomeruli integrity, marked increase in interstitial spaces, damaged epithelia, and degeneration in tubules in all the groups. The spleen histology exhibited the degradation of white pulp, depopulation, activation of follicles, cellular disruption thereby overall disorganized stature. The raised values of serum creatinine and blood urea examinations also revealed the deleterious effects of panadol overconsumption. It is inferred from the above mentioned outcomes that though panadol is considered to be a safe drug even then its intake prior to four hours can account for adverse effects on kidney and spleen.

The lack of morphological differentiation among chiropteran species and cryptic speciation impedes species identi cation. So, DNA-based approaches boost species identi cation and are increasing biological diversity. Rhyneptesicus nasutus (Sind Serotine Bat) is a rarely distributed and poorly studied species in Pakistan. This study explores the range extension of Sind bat within the territorial limits of Pakistan from Sind and Baluchistan to Federally Administered Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. No molecular record exists for the species in Pakistan. In the present study, we for the rst time present the data to con rm the species identi cation by genetic marker (cytochrome b) along with morphometric analysis of Rhyneptesicus nasutus from Pakistan. The neighbor-joining tree based on Kimura-2 parameters was created to infer the phylogenetic analyses. We sequenced the cytochrome b gene segment and conducted a phylogenetic analysis with previously published data from other countries. Sequences from Pakistan made a clade with Iranian Rhyneptesicus nasutus species suggesting a common ancestry. Various morphometric parameters (mean values) were measured like Head and Body length (44.3mm), Tail length (43.4mm), Hindfoot length (8.3mm), Forearm length (35.7mm), and Ear length 36mm while 5th