Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) samples from homogeneous phase polymerizations in supercritical CO2 and subsequent expansion to ambient conditions were analyzed with respect to polymer end groups, crystallinity, type of polymorphs, and morphology. Upon expansion the polymer was obtained as white particles. Scanning electron microscopy showed that DTBP (di-tert-butyl peroxide) derived polymer end groups lead to stack-type particles whereas sponge- or rose-type particles were obtained in case of chain transfer agent fragments as end groups. FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) and WAXD (wide-angle X-ray diffraction) indicated that the type of polymorph, α or β crystal phase, is significantly affected by the type of end group. In addition, the crystallinity of the material, as determined via differential scanning calorimetry, is affected by the end groups and polymer molecular weights. For example, with M
n around 6700 g·mol−1 crystallinity ranges from 29% for DTBP-derived endgroups to a maximum of 64% for end groups originating from perfluorinated hexyl iodide used as chain transfer agent during polymerization.
Summary: Vinylidene fluoride (VDF) polymerizations were carried out in homogeneous phase with supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) at 120 8C and 1500 bar. To control molecular weight perfluorohexyl iodide was used. Molecular weight analysis by size-exclusion chromatography indicates that polymers of low polydispersities ranging from 1.5 to 1.2 at the highest iodide concentration of 0.25 mol Á L À1 were obtained. In addition, polymer molecular weight increases linearly with reaction time, indicating that living conditions were established. The ''livingness'' is based on the labile C-I bond. The weakness of the C-I bond is associated with a fast decomposition of the original hexyl iodide, thus, contributing to initiation and to a significant increase in the initiation rate in the initial phase of the polymerization.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.