Many synthetic routes manufacture zirconium nanoparticles in metal oxide, nitride, and other combination forms. Coupled with other variables such as concentration, pH, and form of precursor used, the various synthetic methods support synthesizing the zirconium metal oxide nanoparticles with changed features. Various synthetic methods were studied, such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, laser ablation, and precipitation. All have different synthetic routes, different precursors and solvents were sued, and the product was characterized by SEM, TEM, photo luminance spectroscopy, UV-absorption spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. X-ray diffraction determined the crystal structure by identifying the crystal shape, arrangement of atoms, and spacing between them. SEM and TEM studied the particle size and morphology of nanoparticles. UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and PL spectroscopy were used for the determination of optical properties of nanoparticles. Zirconium oxide nanoparticles have many applications in the medical field. The review study primarily focuses on the efficient combination of zirconium dioxide with other additive materials and functionalization techniques used to improve the material’s properties, assisting the use of the material in hip arthroplasty and bone tissue applications. The development of sophisticated near-infrared (NIR) absorbing small molecules for useful phototheranostic applications was discussed in this paper.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the teacher education program in Khyber-Pakhtonkhwa to investigate the perceptions of the directors and principals of different programs related to different aspects of teacher education institutes and to suggest recomendations for teacher education institutes in Khyber-Pakhtonkhwa. Interview contained 20 items grouped under seven broad categories was conducted. Ten regional institutes for teacher education (RITEs), five each male and female and five institutes of education and research (IERs) were the sample institutes. Fifteen principals/ directors were the sample size of the study. The results from the interview with directors and principals were documented. The qualitative data reflect broad consensus that access for every learner to modern technology could be made possible. As reflected by the respondents, curriculum must be equipped with the national and international requirements. It is recommended that all vacant posts in teacher training institutes may be filled, to introduce modern assessment techniques, to strengthen teaching practicum and improve research activities in teacher education institutes.