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In the present study 100 cardiac patients were randomly selected from the cardiology ward, Allied Hospital Faisalabad, Pakistan. All the selected cases were analysed for different parameters like Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HbsAg), Bilirubin, Alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase. Out of total 16% patients were lying in the age of 21-30 year, 25% in the age of 31-40 year, 35% in the age of 41-50 year, 19% in the age of 51-60 years and 5% patients in the age of 61-70 years. No subject was found positive in age group 21-30 years patients. 35% patients have higher value of SGPT while, other 26% were with higher value of SGOT. Rest of the 32 and 24% have higher ALP and Bilirubin levels, respectively. Assay profile revealed that ALP level was increased with increasing age, body mass index, Creactive protein, diabetes, smoking, sex, serum uric acid, lead, cadmium, hypercholesterolemia, lesion of liver and cardiovascular disease. The serum of the eight HbsAg positive cases were tested for the presence of HBV through PCR and no sample was found positive. At the end of the study, PCR amplified samples were run on 1.5% agarose gel to confirm the case

Morbidity and mortality due to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a matter of concern all over the world. The incidence of HBV infection depends upon the human reservoir particularly located in Asian Pacific and some of the African countries. Knowledge of the epidemiology of HBV infection is essential to formulate a strategy for its control. Six thousand and twenty‐four persons of different categories which included urban, rural, pregnant, non‐pregnant, diabetic, alcoholic and occupational high‐risk groups were tested for HBsAg. Personal and environmental factors contributing to the development of the HBsAg carrier state were studied. It was found that hospital environment, blood transfusion, perinatal transmission and urbanization were the major factors responsible for the spread of the HBV infection. A holistic approach for the control of HBV infection, which should include an improvement of the hospital and urban environment, complete exclusion of commercial blood donors and HBsAg screening of the voluntary blood donors is recommended, while immunoprophylaxis should be reserved for the protection of high‐risk groups and to prevent perinatal transmission.

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Objectives: The objective of our study is to compare the extravesical andintravesical ureteric reimplantation for the treatment of bilateral vesicoureteral reflux in children.Period: April 2013 and July 2016. Setting: Urology Department of Mayo Hospital, Lahore.Methodology: 66 children diagnosed with primary vesicoureteral reflux and undergoingureteric reimplantation. The Cohen cross-trigonal reimplantation (intravesical) and modifiedLich-Gregoir procedure (extravesical) were performed on two separate groups Group IRand group ER. The following parameters were compared: postoperative duration of stay inthe hospital, hematuria and bladder spasm. Frequency of hematuria, bladder spasm andaverage duration of stay in the hospital were compared in both group. Mean and standarddeviation was calculated for age, gender and duration of surgery in both groups.). Chi squaretest was applied to check the association of outcome variables with demographical variablesand duration of surgery. Results: These 100% (n=66) patients were divided into 2 groupsequally, 33 in each, i.e. group ER and group IR. The mean age and duration of surgery ofthe patients of group ER were 13.78±2.83 years, 102.45±4.13 minutes respectively. Whilethe mean age and duration of surgery of the patients of group IR was 30.33±4.58 years and119.7±10.70 minutes respectively (Table-II).The main outcome variables of this study werethe hospital stay, postoperative bladder spasm and hematuria. The mean hospital stay of thepatients of group ER and group IR was 4.30±1.35 days and 5.84±1.0 respectively (Table-II).It was observed that bladder spasm in group ER and group IR was 39.4% (n=13) and 54.5%(n=18) respectively (Figure-1). It was also observed that hematuria in group ER and group IRwas 36.4% (n=12) and 48.5% (n=16) respectively (Figure-2). Conclusion: The observation ofthis study concludes that extravesical ureteric reimplantation has an edge over conventionalprocedure of intravesical ureteric approach. Intravesical procedure has disadvantages of morefrequency of postoperative complications like, hospital stay, bladder spasms and hematuria.