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The purpose of this study is to analyse various high-lift low-Reynolds-number airfoils using the XFOIL airfoil analysis code in the isolated flow field and to select the optimum airfoil to suit motorsports applications. The airfoil is selected after comparing the stall behavior, transition location, pressure recovery, pressure distribution and boundary-layer characteristics of various airfoils. The prime consideration while selecting an airfoil is the highest Cl while achieving the sustainable performance over a range of Reynolds numbers encountered on the race track. An increase in Cl is always accompanied by an increase in Cd; however, this must be compromised since the main goal is to increase the aerodynamic grip. It is always desirable to increase the downforce in Formula One /Formula Student to gain a reduction in lap time. This paper establishes the criteria for the selection of high-lift low-Reynolds-number airfoils, while considering the various parameters that affect the performance of airfoils.

Objectives: To assess the hearing status of the rickshaw drivers of metropolitan city of Karachi. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Methodology: A total of 128 rickshaw drivers with minimum experience of two years were selected and pure tone audiometry was performed to assess hearing status. Data gathered through structured questionnaire after verbal and written consent. History was taken regarding ears and hearing followed by local examination of both ears in each subject to rule out the presence of wax or any otherabnormality. Results: The average age of the participants was 46.25±15.20 years. The mean driving experience was 14.88 ± 6.27 years. Out of 128 rickshaw drivers, hearing impairment was observed in 112 (87.5%) cases while only 16 (12.5%) had normal hearing. Only 7 (5.47%) drivers were using any protective device due to excessive exposure to noise. Rickshaw drivers are exposed to excess noise on roads in Karachi and most of themare suffering from noise induced hearing loss. Secondly most of them are unaware and ignorant about this problem and do not use any protective measures

Objective: To evaluate the anxiety experienced before, during and after conventional paraffin gauze nasal pack removal in patients operated under local versus general anesthesia. Study design: Comparative study. Place and duration of study: Department of ENT, Combined Military Hospital Sialkot and PAF Hospital Shorkot from July 2017 to June 2018. Material and methods: A total of 120 patients planned for Septoplasty were enrolled and divided into two groups. Sixty patients were to be operated under local anesthesia (Group A) while the other 60 were undergoing the same procedure under general anesthesia (Group B). Conventional paraffin gauze nasal packing was done for 24 hours in all 120 patients. Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) was used to determine the patients’ anxiety in both groups, 1 hour pre-operatively, immediately before and 1 hour after nasal pack removal. Results: The mean Hamilton Anxiety Scale assessment scores in both groups were of ‘mild’ category. The highest scores in both groups were observed immediately before nasal pack removal, with a range of 15-18, while the lowest scores in both groups were documented one hour after pack removal with a range of 13-16. Anxiety level in patients operated under general anesthesia was slightly lower than patients administered local anesthesia mean score of 16.40 ± 0.763 vs 17.21 ± 0.666 (p<0.001). Conclusion: Anxiety during nasal pack removal is mainly associated with prior pain experienced during nasal pack insertion. It is recommended that proper analgesia, adequate topical anesthesia, gentle insertion would make this process less distressing and will subsequently result in less anxiety at its removal.