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<span lang="EN-US">This paper proposes a new model integrating a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller to mitigate frequency disturbances in the power system during cyber-attack, called as linear quadratic regulator to mitigate frequency disturbances (LQRMFD). As we know, most of the existing models have a common problem with achieving significant performances in mitigating dynamic response parameters, such as frequency deviation and settling time. However, the key aspect of LQRMFD is to mitigate the above issues with remarkable performance improvements. An uncommon and stable power system model has been considered in LQRMFD first to reach such a goal. A numerical problem has been solved to derive a certain characteristic equation, where the Routh-Hurwitz array criterion is applied for determining the stability of such a power system. After that, a state-space equation is developed from the power system to activate the LQR controller. Thus, achieving diversity and eliminating the redundancy of the power system considered can be obtained in LQRMFD. To evaluate the performance of LQRMFD, a series of experiments was conducted using the MATLAB-Simulink tool. Rigorous comparisons were also made among the results of LQRMFD, self-implemented and existing models. Furthermore, a detailed analysis was reported among those models to find the performance improvement of LQRMFD in percentage.</span>

In this paper, an improved model has been proposed for investigating the impact of cyberattacks on power systems regarding frequency disturbances and voltage disruption while changing the load called ICAPS. The proposed ICAPS model is formulated by five different controllers, such as LFC, AGC, AGC-PID, AVR, and AVR-PID, implemented in two sets of the system model. Specifically, a stable limit of the speed regulation of LFC, integral controller gain of AGC, and amplifier gain of AVR are determined from their characteristic equations derived from the Routh-Hurwitz array. In contrast, the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller gains for AGC-PID and AVR-PID are determined using the tuning process. The key aspect of this paper is to obtain the impact of cyber-attacks on the power system in terms of frequency disturbances and voltage disruptions while changing the load. According to our knowledge, no one has considered these issues at a time. In order to evaluate the proposed ICAPS model and how it works, a series of experiments was conducted using the MATLAB Simulink tool. The simulation results are presented in this paper in terms of frequency deviation and voltage disruption (i.e., positive and negative biased cyber-attack) and system oscillations. Finally, the simulation results successfully identified the most severe attack in this model to prevent the power system from unstable conditions.

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