Objectives: To find out the risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional study involving 300 patients of type 2 diabetes. Clinical history, relevant examination including fundoscopy and lab investigations were done. Data was analysed with SPSS 17.0. T-test and chi square/Fischer exact were applied to determine significance. Results: Mean age of the patients was 49.04 ± 0.69 years with slight female predominance with male to female ratio of 3:4. Average duration of disease was 7.17 ± 0.38 years. Diabetic retinopathy was diagnosed in (74, 23.9%). Mean HbA1c was 8.15% in patients with retinopathy and 8.884% in those who had no retinopathy (p=0.08). However, duration of DM, age of patients, male gender, high total cholesterol, high LDL and microalbuminuria were significantly associated with the development of retinopathy. Conclusions: Diabetic retinopathy was found in 23.9% of type 2 diabetics. It was associated with duration of disease, age at presentation, male gender, high total cholesterol, high LDL and microalbuminuria. A single high level of HbA1c was not associated with retinopathy.

The emergence of superbugs and antibiotic resistance bacteria nowadays make a limited choice of antibiotic available for treatment. This circumstance is an alarming to public health. Thus, public knowledge and attitude towards antibiotic usage play an important role in the success of treatment process. This study aimed to evaluate public knowledge and attitude towards antibiotic utilization and the association of knowledge with demographic variables. A self-administered cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 380 respondents by using a pre-validate questionnaire at public places in Shah Alam, Malaysia from January 2014 to April 2014.From this study, it was analyzed that 43% of respondents have good knowledge towards antibiotic. Majority of the respondents knew antibiotic is used for bacterial infection. However, 40% of respondents misunderstood that antibiotic is indicated for viral infection. Half of the respondents know how to differentiate antibiotic with other drugs. High number of respondents, 63.2% knows that they need to complete full course of antibiotic, however in the attitude statement; only 57.9% of respondents complete their antibiotic course.Based on the percentage of correct response on the attitude statement positive attitude was observed. However, 57.4% still expect antibiotic to be prescribed for common cold. Demographic characteristics such as gender, race, educational level and healthcare occupation were found significant association with knowledge of antibiotic usage. It has been concluded that although knowledge of public is good, public should be stressed out of the importance of correct usage of antibiotic and promote changes in their attitude towards antibiotic usage.

Objective: Despite the improved healthcare and frequent community-ridden educational awareness campaigns, the prevalence of diabetes is enormously increasing and 50% of the Malaysian adults with diabetes are still unaware of their disease status. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the awareness of diabetes mellitus (DM) among the general public of Shah Alam, Malaysia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in five urban areas of Shah Alam. A total of 350 participants were conveniently recruited using a pre-validated questionnaire. The questionnaire comprised two main parts, including the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents and a 24-item Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire. The data were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Science® using descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: The overall mean (±standard deviation) score of DM knowledge of participants was 11.11±6.09. Among 350 respondents, more than half claimed that medication is more important than lifestyle modification in DM management. 81.7% did not know about the frequent urination and thirst are signs of DM. 82.3% had a misconception that diabetes is caused by failure of the kidneys to keep sugar out of the urine. The knowledge score was statistically significant difference across the categories of level of education, monthly income, occupations, and family history of diabetes.Conclusion: Majority of enrolled respondents possessed moderate level of awareness and misconceptions regarding diabetes and its management. Hence, there is a need for collective efforts toward improving the level of awareness through community awareness campaigns, to improve the self-management of DM.

S73 for positives, 2) serial testing with the Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) test and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) for ELF positives, 3) serial testing with the Forns index followed by ELF for index positives and referral to LSM for ELF positives, or 4) liver biopsy. RESULTS: At a prevalence of advanced fibrosis of 6% among Danish excessive drinkers the correct-diagnoses-to-unnecessary-referrals ratio per 1000 tested was 0.24 for strategy 1, 10.1 for strategy 2, 65.8 for strategy 3, and 0.063 for strategy 4. CONCLUSIONS: With an objective of maximising the correct number of advanced fibrosis diagnoses, and minimising unnecessary referrals to the secondary care sector, triaging patients first with the non-commercial Forns index, followed by ELF and LSM in serial for positive patients was optimal.

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