High rates of N fertilizers and limited crop uptake of N during the growing season can result in excessive accumulation of soil nitrate (NO−3). Soil NO−3 can be decreased with efficient cropping systems. Experiments were conducted in Connecticut from 1987 through 1990 on a Paxton fine sandy loam soil (coarse‐loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrept) to determine the effects of N rate and cropping system on soil NO−3. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), a double‐crop system of oat (Avena sativa L.) followed by tyfon [Brassica rapa L. × B. pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr.], maize (Zea mays L.) followed by a cover crop of winter rye (Secale cereale L.), and a fallow system received preplant N at 0, 112, 224, 336, and 448 kg ha−1. Each system was evaluated for two consecutive growing seasons and repeated three times. Nitrogen was applied only in the first growing season. Soil NO−3 at the first autumn sampling generally increased for all systems as N rate increased. Mean spring soil NO−3 levels were only 23% of previous autumn NO−3 levels. By the second autumn sampling, soil NO−3 values were near background levels except in the fertilized fallow system. At the two highest N rates, oat‐tyfon produced the smallest overwinter change in soil NO−3 storage. An oat‐tyfon double crop, orchardgrass, or red clover system should decrease soil NO−3 more effectively than maize or a noncropped fallow when soil NO−3 accumulations are greater than those produced from N inputs equivalent to 224 kg ha−1.

Excessive application of N‐containing fertilizers may result in high concentrations of soil nitrate. Soil nitrate levels can be reduced with cropping systems that best utilize N. Split‐plot design experiments were conducted in Connecticut from 1987 through 1990 on a Paxton fine sandy loam soil (coarse‐loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrept) to determine the effectiveness of various cropping systems in utilizing N. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), a doublecrop system of oat (Avena sativa L.) followed by the forage brassica tyfon [Brassica rapa L. × B. pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr.], and maize (Zea mays L.) followed by a cover crop of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) received preplant N at 0, 112, 224, 336, and 448 kg ha−1. Cropping systems were tested three times for two consecutive growing seasons, with N applied only in the first season. Dry matter yield (DMY), N uptake (NUP), apparent N recovery (NREC), and N use efficiency (NUE) were determined. Maize‐rye produced the greatest DMY (18.3 to 22.8 Mg ha−1), followed by oat‐tyfon (9.8 to 16.5 Mg ha−1). Highest NUP (121 to 329 kg N ha−1) and NREC (46.5 to 81.7%) were obtained by oat‐tyfon. The greatest NUE was produced by maize‐rye and oat‐tyfon at 112 kg N ha−1. The oat‐tyfon double crop provides the most effective means for preventing N loss among the systems evaluated for N rates > 112 kg ha−1.

Applications of N are mandatory if acceptable yields are to be obtained from pure stands of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). Potassium requirements and the N × K interaction are not well defined, however. A 3 × 3 factorial field experiment was conducted from 1983 to 1988 to evaluate the response of reed canarygrass to N and K fertilization. Rates of K were 0, 200, and 400 lb/acre and were applied annually. Nitrogen was applied at 0, 200, and 400 lb/acre in 1983 and 1984 and 100, 200, and 300 lb/acre from 1985 to 1988. Yields were consistently increased by N application. Initially, the response to K was minimal but in 1986 N × K interactions developed. Yield response to K was inconsistent when made in conjunction with 100 lb N/acre. At higher rates of N, however, positive curvilinear responses to K were obtained. Concentrations of K in the herbage reflected applied K levels. At the lowest N level, the application of K resulted in tissue concentrations of K that varied from 1.2 to 3.7%. These variations, however, were not associated with increased yields. When N was applied at 200 to 300 lb/acre, optimum yields occurred when herbage had K concentrations of 2.5 to 2.7%. Without K fertilization, soil test K values remained low (22 to 43 ppm). As K was applied, changes in soil test K varied with N level. The greatest increase in soil K occurred when low N fertilization was combined with high K fertilization, a change reflecting a major difference between applied K and K uptake. Where 200 or 300 lb N/acre was applied, recovery of K was approximately 100% when K was applied at 200 lb/acre. Maintaining soil test K between 40 and 60 ppm supplied sufficient K to support high yields of reed canarygrass fertilized with 100 to 300 lb N/acre.

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As common in all societies and nations, crime is considered a heinous act that deserves punishment and condemnation from society. According to recent reports, a significant increase in the crime rate has been observed in recent years, which requires serious action in order to limit the spread of crime and maintain public security and safety. Whereas, this role of fighting crime does not only concern the competent authorities such as the police and security authorities. Rather, everyone, as a whole, must act to limit the effects of crime and restrict its spread, each according to his/her role and field of work. We should all stand together to exploit our specialization fields for combating and limiting the spread of crime. As no nation or society can get an evidence, progress or development of value with the increasing of the criminal rate. Where it is incumbent on the community to unite and cooperate in order to detect the crime, each of them according to the role assigned to and then the relevant authorities take the necessary measures and decisions regarding this case. In order to achieve this goal, as specialists in communications and informatics, our research question focuses on "What measures do we need in order to eliminate/reduce the criminal rate to a minimum?". In this study, we have focused on making the most of the applications of this IoT technology, by focusing on the human community in general. In addition to health care, personal life and public and private property. The CPS, which we propose through this study, provides an architecture of realistic model that has not been addressed before, and its contribution to enhancing security and public safety as it will be presented in this study.